View source for Kalibr (missile family)

==Design==
The missile is a modular system with five versions: two anti-shipping types, one for land attack and two anti-submarine types. The missile is designed to share common parts between the surface and submarine-launched variants but each missile consists of different components, for example, the booster. The missile can be launched from a surface ship using a [[vertical launching system]] (VLS).

It has a booster with thrust vectoring capability. The missile launched from a submarine [[torpedo tube]] has no need for such an addition but has a conventional booster instead. The air launched version is held in a container that is dropped as the missile launches, detaching from the container.

There are several claims about the maximum range of Kalibr land attack versions in use by Russia. The [[U.S. Department of Defense]] estimates its range at {{cvt|1400|km|abbr=on}}, and [[Russian Defence Minister]] [[Sergei Shoigu]] put its range at "almost {{cvt|1500|km|abbr=on}}." Following its first operational firing in October 2015, [[Russian Ministry of Defence]] statements suggested a range of {{cvt|2000|km|abbr=on}}, while a December 2015 [[Office of Naval Intelligence]] report gathered a number of Russian statements projecting ranges between 1,500-{{cvt|2500|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="janeskalibr"/><ref name="acw25aug15"/>

Discrepancies in range values may be political declarations for strategic effect,<ref name="janeskalibr"/> or potentially longer 2,500&nbsp;km-range claims could be associated with a [[Thermonuclear weapon|thermonuclear armed]] variant while shorter 1,500&nbsp;km-range estimates are for the conventionally armed missile.<ref name="acw25aug15">[http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/207801/sokov-on-russian-cruise-missiles/ Sokov on Russian Cruise Missiles] – Armscontrolwonk.com, 25 August 2015</ref>

Launch of production of a submarine-variant of the 3M14TE Kalibr-NK called the Kalibr-PL missile occurred in 2012, according to state television news (broadcast of 11.10.2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://russia.tv/video/show/brand_id/5206/episode_id/1236661/video_id/1389544/|title=Вести недели / Эфир от 11.10.2015 |language=ru|trans-title=Vesti nedeli/Stream from 11.10.2015 |work=russia.tv|access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> Details of this version – a maximum speed of Mach 3, a range of 4,000&nbsp;km, basing in the air, on land, on water and under water.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vesti7.ru/news?id=48483|title=Ракетный "привет" для ИГ|trans-title=Rocket "Hello" for IS|language=ru|work=vesti7.ru|date=11 October 2015|access-date=20 November 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092056/http://vesti7.ru/news?id=48483|url-status=dead}}</ref> The missile can make in-flight maneuvers 147 times or more in any direction, it has a minimum height of 10 meters, an average one of 20 – 50 meters (up to 1000 m), it will automatically follow terrain, it can be controlled in flight.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theaviationist.com/2015/12/08/kalibr-from-subs-against-syria/|title=Russia has launched a barrage of cruise missiles against Syria. For the first time from submarine.|first=David|last=Cenciotti|date=Dec 8, 2015|access-date=Feb 18, 2019}}</ref>

Russia has improved the targeting system of its ship- and submarine-launched Kalibr cruise missiles to improve their ability to conduct time sensitive attacks. Defence Minister [[Sergei Shoigu]] revealed the development, which was initiated as a result of combat experience in Syria, in an interview with the [[Moskovsky Komsomolets]] newspaper on 22 September 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/91514/russia-upgrades-kalibr-cruise-missiles|title = Janes &#124; Latest defence and security news}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1079266|title = Russia's Kalibr cruise missile finetuned after Syria campaign – Shoigu}}</ref>

===Terminal supersonic flight===

[[File:3M-54E missile MAKS2009.jpg|thumb|3M-54E mockup]]
The Russian domestic variant (3M54T / 3M54K) and export variants (3M54TE/3M54KE) fly at sub-sonic speeds while achieving supersonic speed (Mach 3.0) as they near their target. They are also capable of performing very high angled defensive high speed maneuvers in contrast to the common linear flight path of other anti-ship cruise missiles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601070&sid=a5LkaU0wj714&refer=home|title=Navy Lacks Plan to Defend Against 'Sizzler' Missile |access-date=2007-11-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071119102801/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601070&sid=a5LkaU0wj714&refer=home| archive-date= 19 November 2007 <!--DASHBot-->| url-status=live| work=Bloomberg| date=2007-03-23}}</ref> The terminal speed of these weapons means that modern defense systems have a harder time to repel them and their precision makes them lethal to mobile targets such as [[destroyers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://militarywatchmagazine.com/article/russian-navy-to-keep-kalibr-cruise-missiles-on-constant-standby-in-syria-enhance-nuclear-capabilities |title=Russian Navy to Keep Kalibr Cruise Missiles on Constant Standby in Syria, Enhance Nuclear Capabilities |date=May 18, 2018 |publisher=Military Watch Magazine |accessdate=2022-03-14}}</ref>

=== Launch platforms ===
[[File:Club-K001.jpg|thumb|A Club-K erected in a standard shipping container]]
====Club-K====
'''Club-K' ''– a Russian container complex of [[missile weapons]], placed in the standard [[ISO container|20- and 40-foot sea container]]. It is designed to defeat surface and ground targets. The complex can be mounted on [[Coastline|shorelines]], vessels of various classes, rail platforms and [[truck]]s. It is a modification of the Kalibr missile system.

A Club-K variant, which is disguised as a [[shipping container]] that can be placed on a truck, train, or merchant vessel, was advertised in 2010 and was shown for the first time at the [[MAKS (air show)|MAKS 2011 air show]].<ref name="nyt1">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-weapon-idUSTRE63P2XB20100426|title=Deadly new Russian weapon hides in shipping container|work=Reuters|date=2010-04-26|access-date=2016-12-19|last=Stott|first=Michael}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/08/23/361105/maks-russian-firm-debuts-shipping-container-housed-cruise.html|title=MAKS: Russian firm debuts shipping container-housed cruise missiles|publisher=Flight Global|access-date=2011-08-23}}</ref> Putting the launcher system into a standard shipping container allows the missiles to be moved and stored without arousing suspicion, which in turn renders pre-emptive strikes against the launcher very difficult.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

====Naval use====
Russian submarines of the [[Kilo class submarine|''Kilo'']] class, [[Lada class submarine|''Lada'']] class, [[Amur class submarine|''Amur'']]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ckb-rubin.ru/en/projects/naval_engineering/submarines/amur_950/|title = ЦКБ МТ Рубин: Amur 950}}</ref> class, [[Akula class submarine|''Akula'']] class, [[Yasen class submarine|''Yasen'']] class, and [[Borei class submarine|''Borei'']] class are launch platforms for the missiles.

The Russian [[Gremyashchy class corvette|''Gremyashchy'']] class, [[Buyan class corvette|''Buyan-M'']] class, the second batch of [[Steregushchy class corvette|''Steregushchy'']] class corvettes and the [[Karakurt-class corvette|''Karakurt'' class]] are low [[displacement (ship)|displacement]] platforms with Kalibr system ability.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

[[File:INS Tabar firing Klub anti-ship cruise missile.jpg|thumb|[[Indian Navy]] frigate {{INS|Tabar}} firing the Club missile]]
The Russian [[Admiral Gorshkov-class frigate|''Admiral Gorshkov'']] class, [[Admiral Grigorovich-class frigate|''Admiral Grigorovich'']] class, and [[Gepard-class frigate|''Gepard'']] class frigates are able to carry these missiles. Also the Indian [[Talwar class frigate|''Talwar'']] class frigate is another shipborne launch platform for the Club missile system.

It is believed by some analysts that an air-launched variant will be developed to arm the [[Tu-142]]s currently in service with the Russian navy.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}