Möng Mao

Muang Mao Lông ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ
One of the ancient Tai States
568 (allegedly) –1604
Territory of Mong Mao in the heyday of Si Kefa period.
Demonym	Tai-Mao
History
History
• Established	568 (allegedly)
• Disestablished	1604
Today part of	China India Myanmar
Ben Cahoon (2000). "World Statesmen.org: Shan and Karenni States of Burma". Retrieved 7 July 2014.

Muang Mao, also spelled Möng Mao (Template:Lang-shn; Template:Lang-tdd; Burmese: မိုင်းမော; Chinese: 勐卯) or the Mao Kingdom was an ethnic Tai state that controlled several smaller Tai states or chieftainships along the frontier of what is now Myanmar, China, the states of Northeast India of Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh, principally set in the Dehong region of Yunnan with a capital near the modern-day border town of Ruili/Meng Mao. The name of the main river in this region is the Nam Mao, also known as the Shweli River.

Names

Möng Mao is Tai Nuea and Shan language name, also called Möng Mao Lông (Template:Lang-tdd; Template:Lang-shn), which means "Great Muang Mao". The "Möng" means country or place. The "Mao" (ᥛᥣᥝᥰ) was evolved from "dizzy" (ᥛᥝᥰ), it is because the mother of legendary king Chao U Ting felt dizzy when she was brought to the sky by a bird. The name "Möng Mao" is still used nowadays, as the official Tai Nuea name of Ruili City (ᥝᥥᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥝᥰ) and in the Burmese Mongmao Township (Burmese: မိုင်းမော, Wa: mēng hmae;).

Kosambi was an Indian ancient country, Mong Mao used Kosambi as his Buddhistic classical name."Kosambi" is also called "Guo-zhan-bi" (Template:Lang-tdd, Chinese: 果占璧) in Ruili, modern Dai people give a new explanation of "Guo-zhan-bi" which is "place that produce fragrant soft rice".

In Chinese literature, Möng Mao was called Luchuan (Chinese: 麓川), first recorded in Yuanshi as the name of the administrative division "Luchuan Circuit" (Chinese: 麓川路). Some of literature also called Mong Mao as Baiyi (Chinese: 百夷), but most of the time this is a collective name of all the ethnic groups in south west of Yunnan, or specifically refers to Dai people.

In Burmese literature, Möng Mao was called Maw or Maw Shan. In the Manipur literature, such as Cheitharol Kumbaba use the name Pong refer to Mong Mao.

History

The chronicle of this region, titled the Möng Mao Chronicle, was written much later. Some scholars identify Möng Mao with the Kingdom of Pong, as well as with the kingdom of Luh Shwan mentioned in Chinese chronicles. Like most of Tai Yai history, the history of the Kingdom of Pong is largely legendary and existing chronicles and traditions include conflicting names and dates which have led to different interpretations.

Möng Mao arose in the power vacuum left after the Kingdom of Dali in Yunnan fell to the Mongol Yuan Dynasty around 1254. The Yuan ruled the region indirectly in what was known as the Native Chieftain System. This kingdom had asserted some unity over the diversity of ethnic groups residing along the southwest frontier of Yunnan.

After the Ming conquest of Yunnan the Möng Mao under Si Lunfa decided to submit to Ming authority. However, Möng Mao revolted in 1386 and led to the Ming–Mong Mao War (1386–1388). In 1448, a combination of Ming, Sipsongpanna, and other allied forces subjugated Möng Mao.

"Muang Mao" is sometimes used by authors to refer to the entire group of Tai states along the Chinese-Myanmar frontier including Luchuan-Pingmian (麓川平緬), Muang Yang (Chinese: 孟養; pinyin: Mèngyǎng), and Hsenwi (Chinese: 木邦; pinyin: Mùbāng), even though specific place names are almost always used in Ming and Burmese sources.

The center of power shifted frequently between these smaller states or chieftainships. Sometimes they were unified under one strong leader, sometimes they were not. As the Shan scholar Sai Kam Möng observes: "Sometimes one of these [smaller states] strove to be the leading kingdom and sometimes all of them were unified into one single kingdom..." The capital of the kingdom shifted from place to place, but most of them were located near the Nam Mao river (the "Shweli" on most maps today)"

The various versions of the Möng Mao Chronicle provide the lineage of Möng Mao rulers. The Shan chronicle tradition, recorded very early by Elias (1876), provides a long list with the first ruler of Möng Mao dating from 568 A.D. The dates in Elias for later rulers of Möng Mao do not match very well the dates in Ming dynasty sources such as Ming Shilu (Wade, 2005) and Baiyi Zhuan (Wade, 1996) which are considered more reliable from the time of the ruler Si Kefa. Bian-zhang-ga (1990), translated into Thai by Witthayasakphan and Zhao Hongyun (2001), also provides a fairly detailed local chronicle of Möng Mao.

Saophas

• Hkun Lai 568-638 from Mongri Mongram

• Ai Dyep That Hpa 638-678 son of Hkun Lai

• Hkam Pong Hpa 678 son of Sao Hkun Kyunt

• Hkam Sap Hpa son of Hkam Pong Hpa

• Hkam Sip Hpa younger brother of Hkam Sap Hpa 703-753

• Ni Hpa Maung 753-793 son of Hkam Sip Hpa

• Sao Hkun Hpa 793-834 son of Ni Hpa Maung

• Hso Kai Hpa 834-863 son of Sao Hkun Hpa

• Hso Han Hpa 863-901 son of Hso Kai Hpa

• Hso Tau Hpa 901-933 son of Hso-Han-Hpa

• Hso Pwot Hpa 933-960 son of Hso Tau Hpa

• Hso Won Hpa 960-983 son of Hso Pwot Hpa

• Hso Hon Hpa 983-995 son of Hso Won Hpa

• Hso Hau Hpa 995-1014 (son of Hso Hon Hpa)

• Hso Lip Hpa 1014-1035 (son of Hso Hau Hpa)

• Hkun Kwot Hpa 1035-1050

• Hso Tai Hpa 1050-1062 (son of Hkun Kwot Hpa)

• Hso Lung Hpa 1062-1081 (son of Hso Tai Hpa)

• Sao Sang Mwun 1081-1096 (son of Hso Lu Hpa)

• Sao Sang Yaw 1096-1103 (son of Sao Sang Mwun)

• Hso Tai Hpa 1103-1112 (younger brother of Sao Sang Yaw)

• Sao Sein Nga 1112-1123 (son of Hso Tai Hpa)

• Sao Lung Chu 1123-1137 (younger brother of Sao Sein Nga)

• Sao Nga Chu 1137-1145 (son of Sao Lung Chu)

• Sao Hkun Ming 1145-1163 (son of Sao Nga Chu)

• Sao Hkun Kum 1163-1171 (son of Sao Hkun Ming)

• Sao Tai Pum 1171-1188 (son of Sao Hkun Kum)

• Sao Tai Lung 1188-1203 (son of Sao Tai Pum)

• Pam Yau Pung 1203-1210 son of Sao Tai Lung

(His younger brother Fu San Kang (Hpo San Kang) became the saopha of Möngmit)

• Sao Ai Mo Kang Neng 1210 -1220

He was the one of descendants from the saopha of Maing-Nyaung

• Hso Kwam Hpa (Hso Hkaan Hpa) son of Sao Ai Mo Kang Neng 1220-1250

(He has younger brother name's Sam Lung Kung Maing (Sam Lung Hpa) became the saopha of Möngkawng)

• Hso Piu Hpa 1250-1282 (son of Hso Kwam Hpa)

• Tai Peng (Hso Kam Hpa) 1282-1285 (son of Hso Piu Hpa)

• Hso Wak Hpa 1285-1315

(He established the present of the city located)

• Ai Puk 1315-1330 (son of Hso Wak Hpa)

Vacant 1330-1339

• Hso Ki Hpa (Tai Pong) 1339-1346

• Tai Lung 1346-1396 (son of Hso Ki Hpa (Tai Pong))

• Sao Lwei (Hso Tit Hpa) 1396-1415 (son of Tai Lung)

• Hso Ngan Hpa 1415-1445 (son of Sao Lwei or Hso Tit Hpa)

Vacant 1445-1448

• Sao Lam Kon Kam Hpa 1448-1461 (son of Hso Ngan Hpa but some source told he is the uncle of Hso Wak Hpa)

• Hso Hum Hpa 1461-1490 (son of Sao Lam Kon Kam Hpa)

• Hso Kaa Hpa 1490-1496 (son of Hso Hum Hpa)

• Hso Pim Hpa (nickname is Kyie-poi-pei-ma) 1496-1516 (son of Hso Kaa Hpa)

• Hso Hom Hpa 1516-1604 (son of Hso Pim Hpa)

• Sao Poreing 1604-1611 (son of Hso Hom Hpa)

• Hso Kyaung Hpa 1611-1646 (son of Sao-Poreing)

• Han Lung Hpa 1646-? (son of Hso Kyaung Hpa)

• Han Jing Hpa (son of Han Lung Hpa)

• Han Kyeng Hpa (son of Han Jing Hpa)

• Han Xiang Hpa ?-1699 (son of Han Kyeng Hpa)

• Han Ping Hpa 1699-1726 (son of Han Xiang Hpa)

• Han Yu Hpa 1726-? (son of Han Ping Hpa)

• Han Yin Hpa ?-1787 (son of Han Yu Hpa)

• Han Hkoen Hpa 1787-? (son of Han Yin Hpa)

• Han Kyin Hpa ?-1814 (younger brother of Han Hkoen Hpa)

• Han Liang Hpa 1814-? (son of Han Kyin Hpa)

• Han Suan Hpa (son of Han Liang Hpa)

• Han Ying Hpa ?-1894 (son of Han Suan Hpa)

• Han Hkoe Hpa 1894-1928 (son of Han Ying Hpa)

• Han Earn Hpa 1928-1929 (son of Han Hkoe Hpa)

• Kyeen Kying Tai (Han Bieng Hpa, Hso Yoeng Hpa) 1929-1955 (son of Han Earn Hpa)

• Tao Kyin Hpa 1929-1940 (uncle of Kyeen Kying Tai (younger brother of Kyeen Kying Tai's mother))

• Fang Hkuea Shang 1940-1942 (Kyeen Kying Tai' another uncle)

List of Monarchs

Chinese name	Years	Length	Succession	Death	Tai Lông (Shan) Name	Tai Nua Name	Burmese name	Other names
Si Kefa 思可法	1340–1371	31 years		natural	Sua-Khān-Fā သိူဝ်ၶၢၼ်ႇၾႃႉ	Se-Xaan-Faa ᥔᥫᥴ ᥑᥣᥢᥱ ᥜᥣᥳ	Tho Chi Bwa သိုချည်ဘွား	Hsö-Khan-Pha
Zhao Bingfa 昭併發	1371–1378	8 years	son	natural
Tai Bian 臺扁	1378/79	1 year	son	murdered
Zhao Xiaofa 昭肖發	1379/80	1 year	brother of Zhao Bingfa	murdered
Si Wafa 思瓦發	?	?	brother	murdered	Sua-Wak-Fā သိူဝ်ဝၵ်ႉၾႃႉ	Se-Vak-Faa ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥐᥳ ᥜᥣᥳ		Hsö-Wak-Pha
Si Lunfa 思倫發	1382–1399	17 years	grandson of Si Kefa		Sua-Lông-Fā သိူဝ်လူင်ၾႃႉ	Se-Loong-Faa ᥔᥫᥴ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ ᥜᥣᥳ	Tho Ngan Bwa I သိုငံဘွား	Hsö-Long-Hpa
Si Xingfa 思行發	1404–1413	9 years	son	abdicated
Si Renfa 思任發	1413–1445/6	29 years	brother	executed	Sua-Wen-Fā သိူဝ်ဝဵၼ်းၾႃႉ	Se-Ween-Faa ᥔᥫᥴ ᥝᥥᥢᥰ ᥜᥣᥳ	Tho Ngan Bwa II သိုငံဘွား	Hso Ngan Pha Sa Ngam Pha Hsö-Wen-Pha
Si Jifa 思機發	1445/6–?		son	executed			Tho Kyein Bwa သိုကျိန်ဘွား	Sa Ki Pha, Chau Si Pha
Si Bufa 思卜發	1449–?						Tho Bok Bwa သိုပုတ်ဘွား
Si Hongfa	1465?–1479?						Tho Han Bwa သိုဟန်ဘွား
Si Lufa?	1482?–?
Si Lun	1500s?–1533			murdered			Sawlon စလုံ

Tai Ahom descendants

Chaolung Sukaphaa was the founder of the Ahom kingdom in what is now parts of Assam. A Tai prince originally from Muang Mao, founded the kingdom in what is now Charaideo region of Assam, in 1228 and existed for nearly six hundred years which led to the process of Ahomisation and in the process unified the various indigenous ethnic groups of the region under the banner of 'Ahom' that left a deep impact on the region. In reverence to his position in Assam's history the honorific Chaolung (Shan: ၸဝ်ႈလူင်) is generally associated with his name (Chao: lord; Lung: great).

Since 1996, December 2nd has been celebrated in Assam as the Sukaphaa Divawkh, or Axom Divawkh (Assam Day), to commemorate the advent of the first king of the Ahom kingdom in Assam after his journey over the Patkai Hills.

Bibliography

• Aung Tun, Sai (2009). History of the Shan State: From Its Origins to 1962. Chiang Mai: Silk Worm Books. ISBN 978-974-9511-43-5.
• Bian-zhang-ga. (1990). "Hemeng gumeng: Meng Mao gudai zhuwang shi [A History of the Kings of Meng Mao]." In Meng Guozhanbi ji Meng Mao gudai zhuwang shi [History of Kosampi and the kings of Meng Mao]. Gong Xiao Zheng. (tr.) Kunming, Yunnan, Yunnan Minzu Chubanshe.
• Daniels, Christian (2006) "Historical memories of a Chinese adventurer in a Tay chronicle; Usurpation of the throne of a Tay polity in Yunnan, 1573–1584," International Journal of Asian Studies, 3, 1 (2006), pp. 21–48.
• Elias, N. (1876) Introductory Sketch of the History of the Shans in Upper Burma and Western Yunnan. Calcutta: Foreign Department Press. (Recent facsimile Reprint by Thai government in Chiang Mai University library).
• Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)" (PDF). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (2).
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• 胡绍华 (Hu Shaohua) (1984). "试述"百夷"含义的历史演变" [A discuss of the historical evolution of the meaning of "Baiyi"]. 中央民族学院学报 (Journal of Minzu University of China) (in chinese) (3): 85-89. doi:10.15970/j.cnki.1005-8575.1984.03.022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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• Kala, U (2006) [1724]. Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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• 孟尊贤 (Meng Zunxian) (2007). 傣汉词典 (Dai han ci dian) [Tai Nuea - Chinese Dictionary] (in chinese). Kunming: Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-5367-3790-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
• Saroj Nalini Arambam Parratt (2005). The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-203-44427-2.
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• Taw Sein Ko (1899). Inscriptions of Pagan, Pinya and Ava: Translation, with Notes. Rangoon: Government Printing, Burma.
• Wade, Geoff (1996) "The Bai Yi Zhuan: A Chinese Account of Tai Society in the 14th Century," 14th Conference of the International Association of Historians of Asia (IAHA), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand [Includes a complete translation and introduction to the Ming travelogue "Bai-yi Zhuan", a copy can be found at the Thailand Information Center at Chulalongkorn Central Library
• Wade, Geoff. tr. (2005) Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource, Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore, http://epress.nus.edu.sg/msl/
• Witthayasakphan, Sompong and Zhao Hongyun (translators and editors) (2001) Phongsawadan Muang Tai (Khreua Muang ku muang), Chiang Mai: Silkworm. (Translation of Mong Mao chronicle into the Thai language)
• 尤中 (You Zhong) (1987). "明朝"三征麓川"叙论" [Introduction of Three Conquests Luchuan by Ming]. 思想战线 (Thinking) (in chinese) (4): 58-64+57.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

External links

• Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454), by Jon Fernquest