2023 Manipur violence

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Date3 May 2023 – present
(9 months and 1 day)
Location
Manipur, India

24°36′N 93°48′E / 24.6°N 93.8°E / 24.6; 93.8Coordinates: 24°36′N 93°48′E / 24.6°N 93.8°E / 24.6; 93.8
Caused byEthnic tensions between Meitei
and Kuki-Zomi people in Manipur
MethodsArson, rioting
Parties to the civil conflict
Casualties
Death(s)142 (as of 4 July 2023),[1][2] including 80 tribals[3]
(33 during army operations)[4]
Injuries310[2]
Damage26,000+ temporarily displaced[5]
46,000+ relocated to other areas[5]
2023 Manipur violence is located in India
2023 Manipur violence
Location within India

An ethnic clash erupted on 3 May 2023 in India's north-eastern state of Manipur between the Meitei people, a majority that lives in the Imphal Valley, and the tribal community from the surrounding hills, including the Kuki people.[6] As of 4 July, 142 people have been killed in the violence,[7] and more than 300 others left wounded.[8][9][10][11] As of 4 July, approximately 54,488 people are reported to be displaced, internally.[12]

The dispute has to do with a long-standing demand by the Meitei people for a Scheduled Tribe status under the Indian Constitution, which would give them privileges comparable to the tribal communities. In April, a Manipur High Court verdict directed the state government to make a decision on the issue preferably within four weeks. The tribal communities protested the Meitei demand due to fears that the dominant Meitei community will take over their land and resources. The All Tribal Student Union of Manipur (ATSUM) conducted a solidarity march in all hill districts on 3 May. By the end of the march, clashes broke out between the Meitei and Kuki populations in and around the Churachandpur district bordering the Imphal Valley. However, the court decision was only the tipping point for the violence as the state government under N. Biren Singh had already escalated the tensions since months before the violence, including actions like forced eviction of Kuki families and labelling them "illegal immigrants".[13][14]

The Indian Army flew in close to 10,000 troops and paramilitary forces to restore law and order.[15] Internet services in the state were suspended for a period of five days[16] and Section 144 of the Indian Penal Code was invoked, prohibiting unlawful assembly or large gatherings that have a likelihood of disturbing the peace. [17] The Indian troops were given "shoot on sight" orders to enforce the curfew in "extreme cases".[6][18]

A panel led by a retired Chief Justice will investigate the violence, while a peace committee will be established under the Governor and security advisor Kuldeep Singh, along with members of civil society. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) will probe six cases related to conspiracy in the violence, ensuring a neutral investigation to uncover the root causes.[19]

On July 19, a video went viral - showing two Kuki women being paraded naked and one of the women slapped and sexually assaulted by apparently young Meitei men.[20][21][22][23] The video emerged after more than two months since the incident took place as internet was shutdown in Manipur.[24][25][26][27] One of the victims said that they have been “left to the mob by the police”.[28][29][30] On July 20, Manipur Chief Minister Biren Singh defended his decision of internet ban in the state citing hundreds of similar incidents happened.[31]

Background[edit]

Further information: Hill tribes of Northeast India, Ethnic relations in India, and Insurgency in Manipur
The districts of Manipur as of 2011. Some of the subdivisions have since become independent districts

Manipur is a hill state in northeast India, bordering Myanmar to its east and south. The central area is the Imphal Valley occupying about 10% of the land area of the state, which is mainly populated by the Meitei people. The surrounding hills are inhabited by hill tribes, who are classified as Kukis in the southern portion and Nagas in the northeastern portion.[32][33]

The Meiteis, who are largely Hindus, but also include Muslims, Buddhist and native Sanamahi followers, make up 53% of the population. They are barred from settling in the hilly regions of the state except with the permission of the local district councils, as per the Land Reform Act of Manipur.[34][35] The tribal population, consisting of predominantly Christian Kukis and the Nagas, forms about 40% of the state's 3.5 million people. They reside in the reserved hill regions consisting of the rest of the 90% of the state. The tribal population is not prohibited from settling in the valley region.[11][13][36][32][6][excessive citations]

The Meiteis dominate political power in the Manipur Legislative Assembly.[32] Out of 60 seats in the Assembly, 19 seats are reserved for Scheduled Tribes (ST), i.e. for Naga or Kukis, while 40 are unreserved general constituencies, of which 39 seats were won by Meitei candidates in the last election.[37] Tribal groups have complained that the government spending is unduly concentrated in the Meitei-dominated Imphal Valley.[38]

2023 escalation[edit]

In 2023, the state government in Manipur began efforts to remove illegal immigrants from settlements in reserve forest areas. Officials have stated that illegal immigrants from Myanmar have been settling in Manipur since the 1970s.[11] Tribal groups alleged that illegal immigration is a pretext under which the Meitei population wants to drive away the tribal population from their lands.[11] In February 2023, the BJP state government began an eviction drive in districts of Churachandpur, Kangpokpi and Tengnoupal, declaring the forest dwellers as encroachers – a move seen as anti-tribal.[39][40]

In March, the Manipur Cabinet decided to withdraw from the Suspension of Operation agreements with three Kuki militant groups including the Kuki National Army and the Zomi Revolutionary Army, though the central government did not support such a withdrawal.[40][39][lower-alpha 1] Several Manipuri organisations also demonstrated in New Delhi to press for a National Register of Citizens (NRC) to be created with 1951 as the base year, complaining of abnormal population growth in hill areas.[11] The first violence broke out as five people were injured in a clash in the Kangpokpi district, where protesters gathered to hold a rally against "encroachment of tribal land in the name of reserved forests, protected forests and wildlife sanctuary".[39] While, the state cabinet stated that the government will not compromise on "steps taken to protect the state government's forest resources and for eradicating poppy cultivation".[39] On 11 April, three churches in Imphal's Tribal Colony locality were razed for being illegal constructions on government land.[39].

On 20 April 2023, a judge of the Manipur High Court directed the state government to "consider request of the Meitei community to be included in the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list."[41] The Kukis feared that the ST status would allow the Meiteis purchase land in the prohibited hilly areas.[11]

The tribal groups called for a total shut down on 28 April in protest of the state government actions, a day that also happened to have been scheduled for the chief minister N. Biren Singh to visit Churachandpur for the inauguration of an open air gym. The day before the visit, a mob set fire to the gym and vandalised it.[42][43] Section 144 (of the criminal procedure code) was invoked on 28 April as well as a five-day Internet shut down. The protesters clashed with the police and tear gas shells were used to disperse the mobs.[42]

Overview[edit]

Riots[edit]

Amidst the long-standing tensions between the Meitei and the Kuki people, a tribal organisation called the All Tribal Student Union Manipur (ATSUM), opposed to the decision of the Manipur High Court, called for a march named the "Tribal Solidarity March" on 3 May, which turned violent in the district of Churachandpur.[11][17] Reportedly, more than 60,000 protesters participated in this march.[42][44]

During the violence on 3 May, residence and churches of the mostly Kuki Tribal population were attacked in the non-tribal areas.[36][6] According to the police, many houses of the tribal population in Imphal were attacked and 500 occupants were displaced and had to take shelter in Lamphelpat. Around 1000 Meiteis affected by the violence also had to flee from the region and take shelter in Bishnupur. Twenty houses were burnt in the city of Kangpokpi.[18] Violence was observed in Churachandpur, Kakching, Canchipur, Soibam Leikai, Tengnoupal, Langol, Kangpokpi and Moreh while mostly being concentrated in the Imphal Valley during which several houses, places of worship and other properties were burnt and destroyed.[45][18]

On 4 May, fresh cases of violence were reported. The police force had to fire several rounds of tear gas shells to control the rioters.[45] Kuki MLA Vunzjagin Valte (BJP), who is the representative of the tribal headquarters of Churachandpur, was attacked during the riots while he was returning from the state secretariat. His condition was reported to be critical on 5 May, while a person accompanying him died.[46][47] The government said around 1700 houses and numerous vehicles were burned down during the violence.[48][49]

Military deployment and evacuations[edit]

Curfew was imposed across eight districts, including non-tribal dominated Imphal West, Kakching, Thoubal, Jiribam, and Bishnupur districts, as well as tribal-dominated Churachandpur, Kangpokpi, and Tengnoupal districts.[50]

The Manipur government issued a shoot at sight order on 4 May.[18] By the end of 3 May, 55 columns of the Assam Rifles and the Indian Army were deployed in the region and by 4 May, more than 9,000 people were relocated to safer locations.[13][17][18][51][52] By 5 May, about 20,000 and by 6 May, 23,000 people had been relocated to safe locations under military supervision.[6][53] The central government airlifted 5 companies of the Rapid Action Force to the region.[10] Nearly 10,000 army, para-military and Central Armed Police Forces were deployed in Manipur.[15][54] On 4 May, the Union government invoked Article 355, the security provision of the Indian constitution, and took over the security situation of Manipur.[55][56][57] As of 14 May, the total military build up in Manipur stood at 126 army columns and 62 companies of paramilitary forces.[5]

The insertion of troops led to several engagements between hill-based militants and the Indian Reserve Battalion, resulting in at least five militant deaths. In a separate encounter, four militants were killed. By 6 May the situation had calmed down to a degree.[54] According to journalist Moses Lianzachin, at least twenty-seven churches were destroyed or burned down during the violence.[6] As of 9 May, according to the Manipur government, the death toll was over 60 people.[8] The situation was described as "relatively peaceful" on 10 May, with the curfew being relaxed in places,[58] though unknown militants fired on Indian troops in an incident in Manipur’s Imphal East district, injuring one.[59]

On 12 May, suspected Kuki militants ambushed policemen in Bishnupur district, killed one officer and injuring five others.[60] In a separate incident, a soldier was stabbed and three Meitei community members kidnapped in Torbung, Churachandpur district.[60] A day later, the security advisor to the Manipur Government Kuldeep Singh raised the total fatality count from the violence to more than 70 deaths. This included the discovery of three Public Works Department labourers found dead in a vehicle in the Churachandpur from unknown causes.[61] He added the number of internally displaced people living in camps had been significantly reduced, and that about 45,000 people had been relocated to other areas.[61]

On 14 May, reports of fresh violence surfaced in the Torbung area, with unidentified arsonists torching more property, including houses and trucks. Five companies of Border Security Forces were deployed. In a separate incident, two Assam Rifles personnel were injured.[5] The same day, a delegation of state ministers led by Manipur Chief Minister Biren Singh left for New Delhi to meet Union home minister Amit Shah to discuss the situation.[5] The reported tally of casualties and property damage from the violence by this point stood at 73 dead, 243 injured, 1809 houses burned down, 46,145 people evacuated, 26,358 people taken to 178 relief camps, 3,124 people escorted evacuation flights, and 385 criminal cases registered with the authorities.[5]

The internet blackout and curfew remained in place on 16 May.[62] Food was also reported to be scarce, with shops, schools and offices closed, and thousands of people stranded in refugee camps. Fresh violence over the weekend had led to further displacements.[62] On 17 May, the internet blackout was extended for five more days.[63] Fresh violence occurred on 29 May during which at least five people including one policeman was killed.[64]

On 26 May, the Meitei revivalist organization Arambai Tenggol announced that it was dissolving itself, citing certain "unwanted developments" that had taken place in the last few days.[65] On 28 May, a fierce gunfight was reported between militants of surrendered Valley-based Insurgent Groups (VBIGs), now operating under the Arambai Tenggol banner, and a unit of Assam Rifles.[66]

Recurrent violence[edit]

On 14 June, at least 11 people were shot including nine Meitei men.[67] Additionally, 14 were injured in a fresh outbreak. According to doctors and other senior management officials at the state’s capital, the latest clash has been so extreme that many bodies have been hard to identify.[68]

Viral video of naked Kuki women[edit]

On 19 July 2023, a video went viral on Twitter showing two women from the Kuki community being forcibly paraded naked by a mob of around 1000 people. The incident dates back to 4 May 2023 which took place after circulation of fake news of rape and murder of a Meitei woman. According to the police complaint, two men and three women belonging to the Kuki community were blocked by a Meitei mob when they were attempting to flee their violence-hit district. Both men were killed by the mob and women were forced to take off their clothes, followed by one of the women getting "brutally gangraped". One of the victims alleged that the police were also involved as it was police which handed over the women to the mob. The police made first arrest in the case only after the video went viral, which was months after the incident took place.[21][69][70][71][72] The government asked Twitter to take down the video citing concerns about law and order disruptions.[73]

The Supreme Court responded within hours after the circulation of the video warning that the the court will intervene if the government doesn't act.[74] The incident prompted Prime Minister Modi to speak, who was silent for around 80 days since the violence started, said his heart is "full of pain and anger" after the video went viral.[75] It was pointed out by many that the internet shutdown in the state facilitated the cover up of the incident.[76]

News portal Newslaundry reported that the National Commission of Women (NCW) had knowledge of the incident as they received a complaint in the month of June, but the NCW ignored it.[77]

On the 20th of July, 2023, the Manipur police reported that 4 people had been arrested in connection with the crime.[78]

Reactions[edit]

The Chief Minister of Manipur N. Biren Singh stated that the riots were instigated by “prevailing misunderstanding between two communities” and appealed for restoration of normality.[79]

Shashi Tharoor, a Member of Parliament, called for President's rule and blamed the BJP-led government, saying it has failed to govern the state.[80]

Peter Machado, the Metropolitan Archbishop of Bangalore, expressed concern that the Christian community is being made to feel insecure, adding that "seventeen churches are either vandalised, desecrated or defiled."[81]

Olympic medallist Mary Kom, a native of Manipur, tweeted an appeal seeking help for her home state.[82] The Union Government Minister of Home Affairs Amit Shah cancelled his campaign programs for the Karnataka election and held meetings with Biren Singh monitoring the situation in Manipur.[83]

A BJP MLA, Dinganglung Gangmei, petitioned the Supreme Court of India against the High Court's recommendation to the state government to add Meitei people to the Scheduled Tribes list.[84][85][86]

On 12 May 2023, all 10 Kuki MLAs, including eight from the Bharatiya Janata Party, issued a statement demanding a separate body be created to administer their community under the constitution of India in the wake of the violent ethnic clashes.[87] They alleged that the violence had been “tacitly supported” by the BJP-run state government, and that living under a Meitei-majority administration after the violence would be “as good as death” for their community.[87] Five organisations of tribal students of Manipur in New Delhi also demanded a probe into the alleged involvement of two radical Meitei groups, Arambai Tenggol and Meitei Leepun in the violence.[88]

The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Turk said in a statement that the violence in Manipur "revealed the underlying tensions between different ethnic and indigenous groups". He urged the authorities to "respond to the situation quickly, including by investigating and addressing root causes of the violence in line with their international human rights obligations".[89]

On 29 May, hundreds of women from Kuki, Mizo, and Zomi tribes staged a protest at Jantar Mantar in New Delhi, demanding intervention by the central government to end communal tensions in Manipur. The women waved national flags and held posters declaring themselves as Indians, not immigrants, while criticising the state government stirring tensions by evicting of Kuki villagers from reserve forest land.[90]

On 30 May 2023, eleven international and national award-winning sportspersons from the state said that they will return their awards if the territorial integrity of the state is compromised. The sportspersons said that if the government does not meet their demands, they will not represent India and will not help in training new talent.[91]

On 1 July 2023, Joseph Pamplany, Archbishop of Thalassery in Kerala said the violence is sponsored by the Modi government to destroy Christian communities in Manipur.[92]

On 14 July 2023, BJP's vice-president from the state of Mizoram, R. Vanramchhuanga, resigned from his post accusing BJP governments in the centre and the state of supporting demolition of churches.[93]

On 20 July 2023, Modi broke his months-long silence after a video of two women being paraded naked and subjected to blatant acts of sexual assault by a group of men went viral. He said the incident shamed India and that no guilty will be spared.[94]

Media coverage[edit]

Most of the major newspapers and TV channels in the state are owned by Meiteis leading biased reporting. Major newspapers from Manipur avoided reporting on violence faced by Kukis, while highlighting violence by Kuki millitants. Three most read English newspapers in the region did not even report on the incident of a mob burning alive a woman and a boy. The Sangai Express referred to Kukis by the adjective "aliens" in an editorial, while an editorial in the Imphal Free Press justified the villagers looting arms from the security forces in the state.[95]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ The Suspension of Operations agreement is a tripartite agreement between the central government, the state government and 25 Kuki militant groups. The state government's withdrawal is unlikely to have had any effect on the ground without the central government support.

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "Manipur govt: Most deaths in Imphal West & East, Churachandpur". The Indian Expres. 11 July 2023.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Indrajit Kundu, Jtendra Bahadur Singh, 98 killed, 310 injured since violence broke out in Manipur, India Today, 2 June 2023.
  3. ↑ Sonal Matharu, In Manipur, families wait for bodies of loved ones, tribal leaders pledge ‘grand’ joint burial, The Print, 2 June 2023.
  4. ↑ "Around 33 tribal militants killed in clashes in India's Manipur -minister". Reuters. 28 May 2023.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 "Manipur unrest: CM Biren Singh visits Delhi to meet Shah; fresh violence surfaces". Hindustan Times. 14 May 2023.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Dhillon, Amrit (5 May 2023). "Indian troops ordered to 'shoot on sight' amid violence in Manipur". The Guardian.
  7. ↑ "Manipur violence: 142 dead in clashes so far, Imphal West and East, Churachandpur worst hit, govt tells SC". Financialexpress. 11 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Baruah, Sukrita; Leivon, Jimmy; Gopalakrishnan, Ananthakrishnan (9 May 2023). "Manipur Govt puts toll at 60, Supreme Court says concerned over lives lost". The Indian Express.
  9. ↑ "60 killed, 231 injured, 1,700 houses burnt in Manipur ethnic violence". Can India. 8 May 2023.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Karmakar, Rahul (4 May 2023). "Fifty-five Army columns deployed in violence-hit Manipur, 9,000 people shifted to safer places". The Hindu.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Das, Yudhajit Shankar (4 May 2023). "Manipur violence: State is burning, but what is the decades-old fuel behind the fire". India Today.
  12. ↑ Today, North East (11 July 2023). "Violence In Manipur Claims 142 Lives; Imphal West & East, And Churachandpur Worst Affected, Reports State Government To Supreme Court". Northeast Today. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Manipur: Curfew in Indian state after protests turn violent". BBC News. 4 May 2023.
  14. ↑ Choudhury, Angshuman (27 June 2023). "Targeting of Kukis the main reason behind Manipur violence". Frontline. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Travelli, Alex; Raj, Suhasini (6 May 2023). "Dozens Killed in Ethnic Clashes in India's Manipur State". New York Times.
  16. ↑ "অশান্ত মণিপুরে ৫ দিন বন্ধ ইন্টারনেট পরিষেবা, ৮ জেলায় কার্ফু". Anandabazar Patrika (in Bengali). 4 May 2023. Retrieved 5 May 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Mishra, Anupam; Singh, Jitendra Bahadur (4 May 2023). "In violence-hit Manipur, Army rescues 9,000 people; Amit Shah dials CM Biren Singh". India Today.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 Karmakar, Rahul (4 May 2023). "Many killed in Manipur riots; State government issues shoot-at-sight order". The Hindu.
  19. ↑ "Panel To Probe Manipur Violence, Amit Shah's Big Warning On Arms: 10 Facts". NDTV News.
  20. ↑ Raj, Suhasini (20 July 2023). "Video of Sexual Assault Goes Viral in India, Renewing Attention on Ethnic Conflict". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Baruah, Sukrita (20 July 2023). "Woman stripped and raped in Manipur speaks: Police were with the mob, they left us with those men". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  22. ↑ "Manipur: Shocking Video Shows Two Kuki Women Paraded Naked; One Was Allegedly Gang-Raped". The Wire. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  23. ↑ Kuthar, Greeshma. "Outrage in India over video of Manipur women paraded naked, raped". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  24. ↑ Raj, Suhasini (20 July 2023). "Video of Sexual Assault Goes Viral in India, Renewing Attention on Ethnic Conflict". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  25. ↑ "Woman stripped and raped in Manipur speaks: Police were with the mob, they left us with those men". The Indian Express. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  26. ↑ "Manipur: Shocking Video Shows Two Kuki Women Paraded Naked; One Was Allegedly Gang-Raped". The Wire. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  27. ↑ Kuthar, Greeshma. "Outrage in India over video of Manipur women paraded naked, raped". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  28. ↑ "Woman stripped and raped in Manipur speaks: Police were with the mob, they left us with those men". The Indian Express. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  29. ↑ Kuthar, Greeshma. "Outrage in India over video of Manipur women paraded naked, raped". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  30. ↑ Kuthar, Greeshma. "Outrage in India over video of Manipur women paraded naked, raped". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  31. ↑ "Manipur Video: CM Biren Says '100s of Similar Cases' Happened; SC Takes Cognisance". The Wire. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Saikia, Jaideep (5 May 2023). "Manipur violence: How Christianisation widened socio-cultural gap between Meiteis of Valley and Hill tribes". Firstpost.
  33. ↑ Harad, Tejas (6 May 2023). "ST Status for Manipur's Meiteis: What is at Stake?". The Quint.
  34. ↑ Kimi Colney, Manipur On Knife’s Edge After 4 Weeks Of Riots, Murder & Ethnic Cleansing, Years Of Progress At Risk, Article 14, 31 May 2023.
  35. ↑ Rahul Karmarkar, Belief that Meiteis cannot settle in Manipur’s hills is a myth, says leader of Kuki apex body, The Hindu, 21 May 2023.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Parashar, Utpal (5 May 2023). "Manipur clashes: Genesis of the decades-old Meitei-Kuki divide". Hindustan Times.
  37. ↑ "Members - Manipur Legislative Assembly". www.assembly.mn.gov.in. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
  38. ↑ "Manipur's ethnic faultlines: Kuki-Meitei divide & recent unrest". The Indian Express.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 "The genesis of the Manipur problem: All you need to know about the recent crisis". Telegraph India. 6 May 2023.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Tiwary, Deeptiman (5 May 2023). "Rising protests, spurts of violence, late police reaction – what went wrong in Manipur". The Indian Express.
  41. ↑ Majhi, Suman (5 May 2023). "কী কারণে জ্বলছে মণিপুর? আন্দোলনকারীদের দাবি কী? জানুন সবটা". Eisamay (in Bengali). Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Hussain, Afrida (4 May 2023). "How Manipur violence unfolded: A timeline of events". India Today.
  43. ↑ Manipur Chief Minister's Event Venue Set On Fire Ahead Of His Visit, NDTV News, 28 April 2023.
  44. ↑ "'Shoot at sight' orders in Manipur, more troops to restore peace". The Indian Panorama. 5 May 2023.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Curfew in eight districts of Manipur, mobile internet services suspended over tribal stir". The Hindu. 3 May 2023.
  46. ↑ Yaqut Ali (5 May 2023). "At Least 13 Killed as Violence Grips Manipur".
  47. ↑ Kundu, Indrajit (4 May 2023). "Manipur violence: BJP MLA attacked by mob in Imphal, critical". India Today.
  48. ↑ Sharma, Sumit (8 May 2023). "Manipur Violence: Death Toll Rises To 60, 1700 Houses Burnt; CM N Biren Singh Appeals To Bring Peace To The State". TimesNow.
  49. ↑ "Ethnic clashes continue in India's Manipur despite army presence". Al Jazeera. 6 May 2023.
  50. ↑ Ali, Yaqut (5 May 2023). "At Least 13 Killed as Violence Grips Manipur". The Wire.
  51. ↑ "Army deployed in violence-hit Manipur, 9,000 people shifted to safer places". The Telegraph (Kolkata).
  52. ↑ "9,000 evacuated as clashes, arson rock Manipur". Hindustan Times. 5 May 2023.
  53. ↑ "Life limps back to normalcy in Manipur, curfew relaxed". The Hindu. 7 May 2023.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "Manipur violence: At least 54 people dead, Imphal Valley returning to normalcy". The Hindu. 6 May 2023.
  55. ↑ Parashar, Utpal (4 May 2023). "Union govt takes reins of Manipur security". mint.
  56. ↑ "Centre invokes Article 355 as situation worsens". The Sangai Express.
  57. ↑ "Manipur: Centre Invokes Article 355, Takes Over Security in Violence-Hit State". TheQuint. 5 May 2023.
  58. ↑ Sharma, Saroj Kumar (10 May 2023). "Manipur 'relatively peaceful', curfew relaxed; 217 FIRs filed". The Times of India.
  59. ↑ PTI (10 May 2023). "Manipur violence: Soldiers fired on in Imphal East; life improving elsewhere". The Indian Express.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Sharma, Sarojkumar (12 May 2023). "Militants kidnap 3 Meiteis, kill a cop in violence-hit Manipur". Times of India.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Mani, Sudarsanan, ed. (13 May 2023). "Manipur Violence: Death toll rises to 71, says Security Advisor". CNBC-TV18.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Dhillon, Amrit (16 May 2023). "'Separation is the only answer': Manipur violence fuels calls for separate state in India". The Guardian.
  63. ↑ "Manipur violence: Internet ban extended for 5 more days; Assam Rifles jawan succumbs to injuries". The Indian Express.
  64. ↑ "Cop Among 5 Dead In Fresh Manipur Violence Hours Ahead Of Amit Shah Visit". NDTV News. 29 May 2023.
  65. ↑ Arambai Tenggol dissolved, Imphal Free Press, 26 May 2023.
  66. ↑ Gunfight erupts between Arambai Tenggol militants and 37 Assam Rifles in Manipur, India Today NE, 30 May 2023.
  67. ↑ "Retaliatory strike by village guards leaves nine dead in Manipur". The Hindu. 14 June 2023.
  68. ↑ "Eleven killed in Manipur as new bout of ethnic violence grips India's northeast". CNN.
  69. ↑ "Modi speaks out after video of sexual assault on women in Manipur emerges". The Guardian.
  70. ↑ Hrishikesh, Sharanya; Mateen, Zoya (20 July 2023). "Manipur: India video shows how rape is weaponised in conflict". BBC. Delhi. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
  71. ↑ Saikia, Arunabh (21 July 2023). "Manipur: Video shows Kuki women being paraded naked by a mob; police confirm FIR filed". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
  72. ↑ Baruah, Sukrita (20 July 2023). "Woman stripped and raped in Manipur speaks: Police were with the mob, they left us with those men". Indian Express. Guwahati. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
  73. ↑ Barik, Soumyarendra (21 July 2023). "Centre asks Twitter, other social media platforms to take down Manipur video". Indian Express. Manipur. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
  74. ↑ G, Ananthakrishnan (21 July 2023). "On Manipur video of women paraded naked, Supreme Court says will take action if govt does not". Indian Express. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  75. ↑ Sharma, Supriya (20 July 2023). "Why Prime Minister Modi's speech on Manipur is worse than his silence". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  76. ↑ Staff, The Wire (20 July 2023). "Seventy-Nine Days After Violence Broke Out, Narendra Modi Finally Talks About Manipur". The Wire. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  77. ↑ Staff, The Wire (21 July 2023). "A Complaint on the May 4 Assault in Manipur Was Sent to NCW in June. But It Never Got a Reply". The Wire. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
  78. ↑ "Manipur Women Paraded Naked: Several Arrests Made Day After Viral Video, CM Singh Says 'Won't Spare Anyone".
  79. ↑ "Manipur violence: 'Misunderstanding, communication gap between two communities,' says CM N Biren Singh". The Indian Express. 4 May 2023.
  80. ↑ "Shashi Tharoor slams BJP over Manipur situation, calls for imposition of President's rule". The Hindu. 7 May 2023.
  81. ↑ Salam, Ziya Us (5 May 2023). "Christian groups, alarmed by church attacks in Manipur, urge Centre to start talks". The Hindu.
  82. ↑ "'My state Manipur is burning, kindly help': Boxer Mary Kom asks PM Modi, Shah". Hindustan Times. 4 May 2023.
  83. ↑ "Amit Shah Cancels Karnataka Poll Campaign Amid Manipur Violence: Report". NDTV News.
  84. ↑ "Manipur MLA moves SC against HC order on ST status for Meitei: 'Community not a tribe'". The Indian Express. 7 May 2023.
  85. ↑ "BJP MLA Petitions SC Against HC Order on Recommending ST Status for Meiteis". The Wire.
  86. ↑ "Manipur BJP MLA approaches Supreme Court against HC order on ST status for Meiteis". Scroll.in. 7 May 2023.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 "Manipur violence: All 10 Kuki MLAs demand separate administration for their community". Scroll.in. 12 May 2023.
  88. ↑ "Probe involvement of 2 radical Meitei groups in Manipur pogrom: tribal student bodies". The Hindu. 19 May 2023.
  89. ↑ "Manipur clashes find mention in UN human rights commissioner Volker Turk's statement". The Indian Express. 25 May 2023.
  90. ↑ "'We are Indians, not illegal immigrants' Kuki, Mizo, and other Manipur tribes protest at Jantar Mantar, Delhi". Live Mint.
  91. ↑ "Will return awards to govt if Manipur's territorial integrity is compromised: Sportspersons". The Telegraph. PTI. 30 May 2023.
  92. ↑ Staff, The Wire (1 July 2023). "Catholic Church Leaders in Kerala Condemn Modi Govt for Alleged 'Genocide' in Manipur". The Wire. New Delhi.
  93. ↑ Staff, The Wire (14 July 2023). "Mizoram BJP Vice-President Resigns, Says Manipur, Union Govts 'Supported' Demolition of Churches". The Wire. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch (help)
  94. ↑ "Modi speaks out after video of sexual assault on women in Manipur emerges". The Guardian.
  95. ↑ Rajpurohit, Shivnarayan (9 June 2023). "'A pen can do more harm than a gun': In Manipur, Meitei-owned media is winning the 'perception' war". Newslaundry. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
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