Abhira people

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This article is about the ancient Abhira tribe. For for other uses, see Abhira (disambiguation).
For the dynasty, see Abhira dynasty.

The Abhira people is mentioned in the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata. A historical people of the same name are mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. They are thought to be people who moved in from eastern Iran in the aftermath of the invasion of Alexander the Great. Their main base was in the Indus delta (modern Sindh and Kathiawar), where their country is mentioned as "Abiria" and "Aberia" in classical sources. There were also other communities of Abhiras in modern Haryana.[1]

Etymology[edit]

Etymologically, he who can cast terror on all sides is called an Abhira.,[2][clarification needed]

History[edit]

Sunil Kumar Bhattacharya says that the Abhiras are mentioned in the first-century work of classical antiquity, the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. He considers them to be a race rather than a tribe.[3] Scholars such as Ramaprasad Chanda believe that they were Indo-Aryan peoples.[4] but others, such as Romila Thapar, believe them to have been indigenous.[5] The Puranic Abhiras occupied the territories of Herat; they are invariably juxtaposed with the Kalatoyakas and Haritas, the peoples of Afghanistan.[6]

According to Jayant Gadkari tribes such as Vrusni, Andhaka, Satvatas and Abhiras after a period of long conflicts came to be known as Yadavas.[7]

In the Padma-puranas and certain literary works, the Abhiras are referred to as belonging to the race of Krishna.[8]

There is no certainty regarding the occupational status of the Abhiras, with ancient texts sometimes referring to them as warriors, pastoral and cowherders but at other times as plundering tribes.[9]

Along with the Vrishnis, the Satvatas and the Yadavas, the Abhiras were followers of the Vedas, who worshipped Krishna, the head and preceptor of these tribes.[10][8]

In archaeological inscriptions Abhiras are mentioned as belonging to the race of Krishna.[11][8]

Rule of the Konkan[edit]

From 203 to 270 the Abhiras ruled over the whole of the Deccan Plateau as a paramount power. The Abhiras were the immediate successors of the Satavahanas.[12]

Nepali branch[edit]

Before the 12th century, an Ahir dynasty ruled some areas in what is now Nepal.[13]

Connection to modern Ahirs[edit]

According to Ganga Ram Garg, the modern-day Ahir caste are descendants of Abhira people and the term Ahir is the Prakrit form of the Sanskrit term Abhira.[8] Bhattacharya says that the terms Ahir, Ahar and Gaoli are current forms of the word Abhira.[3] This view gets support in many writings.

M. S. A. Rao and historians such as P. M. Chandorkar and T. Padmaja have explained that epigraphical and historical evidence exists for equating the Ahirs with the ancient Abhiras and Yadava tribe.[14][15][16]

Legendary figures in Hinduism[edit]

Gayatri as illustrated by Raja Ravi Verma. She is often depicted with appears with five heads and five pairs of hands, sitting on a lotus flower.

Two major Hindu goddess are said to be associated with the Abhira tribe.

As a goddess, Gayatri is the personified form of popular Vedic hymn, Gayatri Mantra.[17] According to the medieval Sanskrit text Padma Purana, the storm god Indra brought Gayatri, an Abhira girl, to Pushkar to help Brahma in a yajna, a ritual sacrifice. During the ceremony she became Brahma's second wife.[18][19][20]

Historian Ramaprasad Chanda argued in 1916 that the goddess Durga evolved from "syncretism of a mountain-goddess worshiped by the dwellers of the Himalaya and the Vindhyas", a deity of the Abhiras conceptualised as a war-goddess.[21]

Abhiras of Gupta empire[edit]

Main article: Abhira dynasty

During the reign of Samudragupta (c. 350), the Abhiras lived in Rajputana and Malava on the western frontier of the Gupta empire. Historian Dineshchandra Sircar thinks of their original abode was the area of Abhiravan, between Herat and Kandahar, although this is disputed.[22] Their occupation of Rajasthan also at later date is evident from the Jodhpur inscription of Samvat 918 that the Abhira people of the area were a terror to their neighbours, because of their violent demeanour.[22] Abhiras of Rajputana were sturdy and regarded as Mlecchas, and carried on anti-Brahmanical activities. As a result, life and property became unsafe. Pargiter[who?] points to the Pauranic tradition that the Vrishnis and Andhakas, while retreating northwards after the Kurukshetra War from their western home in Dwarka and Gujarat, were attacked and broken up by the rude Abhiras of Rajasthan.[23]

The Abhiras did not stop in Rajasthan; some of their clans moved south and west reaching Saurashtra and Maharashtra and taking service under the Satavahana dynasty and the Western Satraps.[24] Also founded a kingdom in the northern part of the Maratha country, and an inscription of the ninth year of the Abhira king Ishwarsena.[25][26]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1974), Some Early Dynasties of South India, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., pp. 127–128, ISBN 978-81-208-2941-1
  2. ↑ Soni, Lok Nath (2000). The Cattle and Stick. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 14. ISBN 9788185579573.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bhattacharya, Sunil Kumar (1996). Krishna — Cult in Indian Art. M.D. Publications. p. 126. ISBN 9788175330016.
  4. ↑ Chanda, Ramaprasad (1969). The Indo-Aryan races: a study of the origin of Indo-Aryan people and institutions. Indian Studies: Past & Present. p. 55.
  5. ↑ Thapar, Romila (1978). Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations. Orient Blackswan. p. 149. ISBN 978-81-250-0808-8.
  6. ↑ Miśra, Sudāmā (1973). Janapada state in ancient India. Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana.
  7. ↑ Jayant GadKari (1991). Society and Religion. Vol. 53. Gopson Papers. p. 184. ISBN 9788171547432.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Garg, Dr Ganga Ram (1992). Encyclopaedia of Hindu world. Concept Publishing. p. 113. ISBN 9788170223740.
  9. ↑ Malik, Aditya (1990). "The Puskara Mahatmya: A Short Report". In Bakker, Hans (ed.). The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature. Leiden: BRILL and the International Association of Sanskrit Studies. p. 200. ISBN 9789004093188.
  10. ↑ Radhakrishnan, S. (2007). Identity And Ethos. Orient Paperbacks. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-8-12220-455-1.
  11. ↑ T, Padmaja (2002). Ay velirs and Krsna. University of Mysore. p. 34. ISBN 9788170173984.
  12. ↑ Numismatic Society of India (1991). The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India. Vol. 53. the University of Michigan. pp. 91–95.
  13. ↑ Yadav, Punam (2016). Social Transformation in Post-conflict Nepal: A Gender Perspective. Taylor & Francis. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-317-35389-8.
  14. ↑ Guha, Sumit (2006). Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200–1991. University of Cambridge. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-521-02870-7.
  15. ↑ Rao, M. S. A. (1978). Social Movements in India. Vol. 1. Manohar. pp. 124, 197, 210.
  16. ↑ T., Padmaja (2001). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu. Archaeology Dept., University of Mysore. pp. 25, 34. ISBN 978-8-170-17398-4.
  17. ↑ Bradley, R. Hertel; Cynthia, Ann Humes (1993). Living Banaras: Hindu Religion in Cultural Context. SUNY Press. p. 286. ISBN 9780791413319. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2019.
  18. ↑ Nambiar, K. Damodaran (1979). Nārada Purāṇa, a Critical Study. All-India Kashiraj Trust, 1979. p. 145.
  19. ↑ Wadia, Sophia (1969). The Aryan Path. Theosophy Company (India), Limited.
  20. ↑ Arya, Sharda (1988). Religion and Philosophy of the Padma-purāṇa. Nag Publishers. ISBN 978-81-7081-190-9.
  21. ↑ Aiyar, Indira S. (1997). Durga As Mahisasuramardini. Gyan Publishing House, 1997. p. 217. ISBN 9788121205108.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Sharma, Tej Ram (1989). A political history of the imperial Guptas: from Gupta to Skandagupta. Concept Publishing Company. p. 87. ISBN 978-81-7022-251-4.
  23. ↑ Jain, Kailash Chand (1972). Ancient cities and towns of Rajasthan: a study of culture and civilization. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120806696.
  24. ↑ Haryana: studies in history and culture. Kurukshetra University. 1968. p. 44.
  25. ↑ Bhattacharya, Sunil Kumar (1996). Krishna-cult in Indian art. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 10. ISBN 978-81-7533-001-6.
  26. ↑ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1967). Vakataka – Gupta Age Circa 200–550 AD. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 143. ISBN 978-81-208-0026-7.

Sources[edit]

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