Ja (Indic)

Comparison of Ja in different scripts
Notes

Ja is the eighth consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, ja is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Further information: Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of ज are:

• ज [d͡ʒə] = 8 (८)
• जि [d͡ʒɪ] = 800 (८००)
• जु [d͡ʒʊ] = 80,000 (८० ०००)
• जृ [d͡ʒri] = 8,000,000 (८० ०० ०००)
• जॢ [d͡ʒlə] = 8Template:E (८०^८)
• जे [d͡ʒe] = 8Template:E (८०^१०)
• जै [d͡ʒɛː] = 8Template:E (८०^१२)
• जो [d͡ʒoː] = 8Template:E (८०^१४)
• जौ [d͡ʒɔː] = 8Template:E (८०^१६)

Historic Ja

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ja as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Ja did not have an alterante Fremdzeichen form. The third form of ja, in Kharoshthi () was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ja

The Brahmi letter , Ja, is probably derived from the Aramaic Zayin , and is thus related to the modern Latin Z and Greek Zeta. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ja can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ja historic forms

Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)

Tocharian Ja

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Ja with vowel marks

Ja	Jā	Ji	Jī	Ju	Jū	Jr	Jr̄	Je	Jai	Jo	Jau	Jä

Kharoṣṭhī Ja

The Kharoṣṭhī letter is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Zayin , and is thus related to Z and Zeta, in addition to the Brahmi Ja.

Devanagari script

Main article: Devanagari ja

Template:Devanagari abugida sidebar Ja (ज) is the eighth consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter જ and Modi letter 𑘕.

Devanagari Jja

Jja (ॼ) is the character ज with an underbar to represent the voiced palatal implosive [ʄ] that occurs in Sindhi. This underbar is distinct from the Devanagari stress sign anudātta. The underbar is fused to the stem of the letter while the anudātta is a stress accent applied to the entire syllable. This underbar used for Sindhi implosives does not exist as a separate character in Unicode. When the ु or ू vowel sign is applied to jja (ॼ), the ु and ू vowel signs are drawn beneath jja. When the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign is applied to ja with an anudātta (ज॒), the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign is first placed under ja (ज) and then the anudātta is placed underneath the उ ( ु) vowel sign or ऊ ( ू) vowel sign.

Character Name	उ ( ु) vowel sign	ऊ ( ू) vowel sign
ॼ (Implosive ja)	ॼु	ॼू
ज॒ (Ja with anudātta)	जु॒	जू॒

An example of a Sindhi word that uses jja (ॼ) is ॼाण (ڄاڻَ), which is of the feminine grammatical gender and means information or knowledge.

Devanagari Za

Za (ज़) is the character ज with a single dot underneath. It is used in Devanagari transcriptions of Urdu, English, and other languages to denote the voiced alveolar sibilant [z]. Za (ज़) should not be confused with ža (झ़), which is the character jha (झ) combined with a nuqta, and is used to transcribe the voiced post-alveolar fricative [ʒ] from Urdu (ژ) and English. Za (ज़) should also not be confused zha (ॹ), which is used in Devanagari transcriptions of the Avestan letter zhe (𐬲) to denote the voiced post-alveolar fricative [ʒ].

Devanagari Zha

Zha (ॹ) is the character ज with three dots underneath. It is used in Devanagari transcriptions of the Avestan letter zhe (𐬲) to denote the voiced palatal fricative [ʒ]. An example of its usage is in Kavasji Edulji Kanga's Avesta, yazna 41.3 to write ईॹीम्. Zha (ॹ) should not be confused with za (ज़), which is used to denote the voiced alveolar sibilant [z] from Urdu, English, and other languages. Zha (ॹ) should also not be confused with ža (झ़), which is the character jha (झ) combined with a nuqta, and is used to transcribe the voiced post-alveolar fricative [ʒ] from Urdu (ژ) and English.

Devanagari-using Languages

In many languages, ज is pronounced as [d͡ʒə] or [d͡ʒ] when appropriate. In Marathi, ज is sometimes pronounced as [d͡zə] or [d͡z] in addition to [d͡ʒə] or [d͡ʒ]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari ज with vowel marks

Ja	Jā	Ji	Jī	Ju	Jū	Jr	Jr̄	Jl	Jl̄	Je	Jai	Jo	Jau	J
ज	जा	जि	जी	जु	जू	जृ	जॄ	जॢ	जॣ	जे	जै	जो	जौ	ज्

Conjuncts with ज

Half form of Ja.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.

Ligature conjuncts of ज

Jja half form

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha. The conjunct jja also has a unique half form that differs from the regular conjunct.

• Repha र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

• ज্ (j) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature jra:

• ज্ (j) + न (na) gives the ligature jna:

• ज্ (j) + ज (ja) gives the ligature jja:

• ज্ (j) + ज্ (j) + व (va) gives the ligature jjva:

• ज্ (j) + ज্ (j) + य (ya) gives the ligature jjya:

Devanagari Jña

Jña half form

One of the most common true ligatures in Devanagari is the conjunct jña ज्ञ. This ligature is a required form for most Devanagari languages, and the conjunct even has its own half form that freely joins other letters in horizontal conjuncts.

• ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jña:

• Repha र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

• Eyelash र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

• भ্ (b^h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature b^hjña:

• ब্ (b) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature bjña:

• छ্ (c^h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature c^hjña:

• च্ (c) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cjña:

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍʱjña:

• ड্ (ḍ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍjña:

• द্ (d) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature djña:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ɡʱjña:

• ग্ (g) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature gjña:

• ह্ (h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature hjña:

• ज্ (j) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jjña:

• झ্ (j^h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature j^hjña:

• ख্ (k^h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature k^hjña:

• क্ (k) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature kjña:

• ल্ (l) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ljña:

• म্ (m) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature mjña:

• न্ (n) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature njña:

• ञ্ (ñ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ñjña:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ŋjña:

• फ্ (p^h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature p^hjña:

• प্ (p) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature pjña:

• श্ (ʃ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ʃjña:

• स্ (s) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature sjña:

• ष্ (ṣ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṣjña:

• थ্ (t^h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature t^hjña:

• त্ (t) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature tjña:

• ठ্ (ṭ^h) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṭ^hjña:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ṭjña:

• व্ (v) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature vjña:

• य্ (y) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature yjña:

Stacked conjuncts of ज

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

• भ্ (b^h) + ज (ja) gives the ligature b^hja:

• ब্ (b) + ज (ja) gives the ligature bja:

• छ্ (c^h) + ज (ja) gives the ligature c^hja:

• च্ (c) + ज (ja) gives the ligature cja:

• ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḍʱja:

• ड্ (ḍ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḍja:

• ध্ (dʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dʱja:

• द্ (d) + ज (ja) gives the ligature dja:

• घ্ (ɡʱ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ɡʱja:

• ग্ (g) + ज (ja) gives the ligature gja:

• ह্ (h) + ज (ja) gives the ligature hja:

• ज্ (j) + च (ca) gives the ligature jca:

• ज্ (j) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature jḍa:

• झ্ (j^h) + ज (ja) gives the ligature j^hja:

• ज্ (j) + ल (la) gives the ligature jla:

• ज্ (j) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature jŋa:

• ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature jña:

• ज্ (j) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature jʃa:

• ख্ (k^h) + ज (ja) gives the ligature k^hja:

• क্ (k) + ज (ja) gives the ligature kja:

• ल্ (l) + ज (ja) gives the ligature lja:

• ळ্ (ḷ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḷja:

• म্ (m) + ज (ja) gives the ligature mja:

• ङ্ (ŋ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ŋja:

• न্ (n) + ज (ja) gives the ligature nja:

• ञ্ (ñ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ñja:

• फ্ (p^h) + ज (ja) gives the ligature p^hja:

• प্ (p) + ज (ja) gives the ligature pja:

• श্ (ʃ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ʃja:

• स্ (s) + ज (ja) gives the ligature sja:

• ष্ (ṣ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṣja:

• त্ (t) + ज (ja) gives the ligature tja:

• ठ্ (ṭ^h) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṭ^hja:

• ट্ (ṭ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ṭja:

• व্ (v) + ज (ja) gives the ligature vja:

• य্ (y) + ज (ja) gives the ligature yja:

Bengali script

The Bengali script জ is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ज. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter জ will sometimes be transliterated as "jo" instead of "ja". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d͡ʒo/.

Like all Indic consonants, জ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali জ with vowel marks

ja	jā	ji	jī	ju	jū	jr	jr̄	je	jai	jo	jau	j
জ	জা	জি	জী	জু	জূ	জৃ	জৄ	জে	জৈ	জো	জৌ	জ্

জ in Bengali-using languages

জ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with জ

Bengali জ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.

• ব্ (b) + জ (ja) gives the ligature bja:

• জ্ (j) + জ (ja) gives the ligature jja:

• জ্ (j) + ঝ (j^ha) gives the ligature jj^ha:

• জ্ (j) + জ্ (j) + ব (va) gives the ligature jjva, with the va phala suffix:

• জ্ (j) + ঞ (ña) gives the ligature jña:

• জ্ (j) + র (ra) gives the ligature jra, with the ra phala suffix:

• জ্ (j) + ব (va) gives the ligature jva, with the va phala suffix:

• জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature jya, with the ya phala suffix:

• ঞ (ñ) + জ (ja) gives the ligature ñja:

• র্ (r) + জ (ja) gives the ligature rja, with the repha prefix:

• র্ (r) + জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature rjya, with the repha prefix and ya phala suffix:

Gujarati Ja

Gujarati Ja.

Ja (જ) is the eighth consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is possibly derived from a variant of 16th century Devanagari Ja with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter . When combined with certain vowels, the Gujarati Ja may assume unique forms, such as જા, જી, and જો.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, જ is pronounced as [jə] or [j] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Ja	Jā	Ji	Jī	Ju	Jū	Jr	Jl	Jr̄	Jl̄	Jĕ	Je	Jai	Jŏ	Jo	Jau	J
Gujarati Ja syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Related letters

Za (જ઼) is the character Ja (જ) with a single dot underneath. It corresponds to the Devanagari character Za (ज़). It is also used in Gujarati transcriptions of Avestan (𐬰), Urdu (ژ), English, and other languages to denote the voiced alveolar sibilant [z].

Zha (ૹ) is the character Ja (જ) with three dots underneath. It is used in Gujarati transcriptions of the Avestan letter zhe (𐬲) to denote the voiced palatal fricative [ʒ] and is analogous to the Devanagari character zha (ॹ). Zha (ૹ) was added to the Unicode Standard as a single character ljust like the Devanagari character zha (ॹ) with Unicode 8.0 on 17 June 2015. An example of a word in the Gujarati script the uses zha (ૹ) is ચીૹ્દી.

Conjuncts with જ

Gujarati જ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ja does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, X will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature.

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

• ર્ (r) + જ (ja) gives the ligature RJa:

• જ્ (j) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JRa:

• જ્ (j) + ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature JÑa:

• ર્ (r) + જ (ja) ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature RJÑa:

• જ (ja) + ઞ્ (ɲ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JÑRa:

Gurmukhi script

Jajjaa [d͡ʒəd͡ʒːɑ] (ਜ) is the thirteenth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [d͡ʒəd͡ʒːɑ] and is pronounced as /d͡ʒ/ when used in words. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter ja, and ultimately from the Brahmi ja. Gurmukhi jajaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /d͡ʒ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.

Jajje vicc bindi

A dot added below Jajja (ਜ਼) denotes that it has to be pronounced as the voiced alveolar fricative /z/.

Thai script

Cho chang (ช) and so so (ซ) are the tenth and eleventh letters of the Thai script. They fall under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthu—an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants.

Cho chang

In IPA, cho chang is pronounced as [tɕ^h] at the beginning of a syllable and are pronounced as [t̚] at the end of a syllable. The previous letter of the alphabet, cho ching (ฉ), is also named cho, however, it falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, chang (ช้าง) means 'elephant'. Kho khai corresponds to the Sanskrit character 'ज'.

So so

In IPA, so so is pronounced as [s] at the beginning of a syllable and are pronounced as [t̚] at the end of a syllable. In the acrophony of the Thai script, so (โซ่) means 'chain'. Old Thai had the voiced retroflex affricate sound /dʐ/. When the Thai script was developed, cho ching was slightly modified to create distinct letter for /dʐ/, which is now known as so so. During the Old Thai period, this sound merged into the aspirated stop /tɕ^h/. This is similar to how ज is sometimes pronounced as [d͡z] in addition to [d͡ʒ] in Marathi. However, Marathi uses the same letter for both sounds while Thai split the corresponding two sounds into the separate letters cho chang and so so. In modern Thai, the voicing of /dʐ/ became lost and thus is now pronounced as [s] at the beginning of a syllable.

Javanese script

Main article: Ja (Javanese)

Telugu Ja

Telugu independent and subjoined Ja.

Ja (జ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಜ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, జ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.

Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Ja

Malayalam letter Ja

Ja (ജ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha letter Ja. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ja matras: Ja, Jā, Ji, Jī, Ju, Jū, Jr̥, Jr̥̄, Jl̥, Jl̥̄, Je, Jē, Jai, Jo, Jō, Jau, and J.

Conjuncts of ജ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

• ജ് (j) + ജ (ja) gives the ligature jja:

• ഞ് (ñ) + ജ (ja) gives the ligature ñja:

• ജ് (j) + ഞ (ña) gives the ligature jña:

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Ce

Template:Canadian Syllabics sidebar ᒉ, ᒋ, ᒍ and ᒐ are the base characters "Ce", "Ci", "Co" and "Ca" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᒡ (C) is a small version of the A-series letter ᒐ, although the Western Cree letter ᐨ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for C. The character ᒉ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter ज, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.

Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant	E-series		I-series		O-series			A-series			Other
C + vowel	Template:Huge		Template:Huge		Template:Huge			Template:Huge
	Ce		Ci		Co			Ca
Small	-		Template:Huge		Template:Huge			Template:Huge			Template:Huge
	-		Ojibway C		Sayisi Th			C			Cree C
C with long vowels	-		Template:Huge		Template:Huge		Template:Huge	Template:Huge			Template:Huge
	-		Cī		Cō		Cree Cō	Cā			Cāi
C + W- vowels	Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge		Template:Huge	Template:Huge		Template:Huge
	Cwe	Cree Cwe	Cwi	Cree Cwi	Cwo		Cree Cwo	Cwa		Cree Cwa
C + W- long vowels	-		Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge		Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge	Template:Huge	-
	-		Cwī	Cree Cwī	Cwō		Cree Cwō	Cwā	Naskapi Cwā	Cree Cwā	-

Odia Ja

Odia independent and subjoined letter Ja.

Ja (ଜ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ letter Ja. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ja with vowel matras

Ja	Jā	Ji	Jī	Ju	Jū	Jr̥	Jr̥̄	Jl̥	Jl̥̄	Je	Jai	Jo	Jau	J
ଜ	ଜା	ଜି	ଜୀ	ଜୁ	ଜୂ	ଜୃ	ଜୄ	ଜୢ	ଜୣ	ଜେ	ଜୈ	ଜୋ	ଜୌ	ଜ୍

Conjuncts of ଜ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.

• ଞ୍ (ñ) + ଜ (ja) gives the ligature ñja:

• ଜ୍ (j) + ଞ (ña) gives the ligature jña:

References

• Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, ISBN 3-7705-1326-6
• Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
• B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, ISBN 3-7643-0399-9
• Fleet, J. F. (January 1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 109–126. ISSN 0035-869X. JSTOR 25189823.
• Fleet, J. F. (1911). "Aryabhata's System of Expressing Numbers". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 43: 109–126. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00040995. JSTOR 25189823.

^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".