List of countries by income equality
This is a list of countries or dependencies by income inequality metrics, including Gini coefficients. The Gini coefficient is a number between 0 and 1, where 0 corresponds with perfect equality (where everyone has the same income) and 1 corresponds with perfect inequality (where one person has all the income—and everyone else has no income).
Income distribution can vary greatly from wealth distribution in a country (see List of countries by wealth inequality). Income from black market economic activity is not included and is the subject of current economic research.[2][3]
UN, World Bank and CIA list – income ratios and Gini indices[edit]
- Row numbers are static. Other columns are sortable. This allows ranking of any column.
Key:
- R/P 10%
- The ratio of the average income of the richest 10% to the poorest 10%.
- R/P 20%
- The ratio of the average income of the richest 20% to the poorest 20%.
- Gini
- Gini index, a quantified representation of a nation's Lorenz curve. A Gini index of 0% expresses perfect equality, while index of 100% expresses maximal inequality.
- UN
- Data from the United Nations Development Programme.
- World Bank
- Data from the World Bank.
- CIA
- Data from the Central Intelligence Agency's The World Factbook.
EU27 countries[edit]
This section needs to be updated.(December 2020) |
Member state | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | 27.4 | 27.6 | 27.0 | 27.6 | 27.2 | 27.2 | 27.9 | 26.8 | 27.5 |
Belgium | 26.3 | 26.5 | 25.9 | 25.9 | 26.2 | 26.3 | 26.1 | 25.7 | 25.1 |
Bulgaria | 35.0 | 33.6 | 35.4 | 35.4 | 37.0 | 37.7 | 40.2 | 39.6 | 40.8 |
Croatia | 31.2 | 30.9 | 30.9 | 30.2 | 30.4 | 29.8 | 29.9 | 29.7 | 29.2 |
Cyprus | 29.2 | 31.0 | 32.4 | 34.8 | 33.6 | 32.1 | 30.8 | 29.1 | 31.1 |
Czech Republic | 25.2 | 24.9 | 24.6 | 25.1 | 25.0 | 25.1 | 24.5 | 24.0 | 24.0 |
Denmark | 26.6 | 26.5 | 26.8 | 27.7 | 27.4 | 27.7 | 27.6 | 27.8 | 27.5 |
Estonia | 31.9 | 32.5 | 32.9 | 35.6 | 34.8 | 32.7 | 31.6 | 30.6 | 30.5 |
Finland | 25.8 | 25.9 | 25.4 | 25.6 | 25.2 | 25.4 | 25.3 | 25.9 | 26.2 |
France | 30.8 | 30.5 | 30.1 | 29.2 | 29.2 | 29.3 | 28.8 | 28.5 | |
Germany | 29.0 | 28.3 | 29.7 | 30.7 | 30.1 | 29.5 | 29.1 | 31.1 | 29.7 |
Greece | 33.5 | 34.3 | 34.4 | 34.5 | 34.2 | 34.3 | 33.4 | 32.3 | 31.0 |
Hungary | 26.9 | 27.2 | 28.3 | 28.6 | 28.2 | 28.2 | 28.1 | 28.7 | 28.0 |
Ireland | 29.8 | 30.4 | 30.7 | 31.1 | 29.7 | 29.6 | 30.6 | 28.9 | |
Italy | 32.5 | 32.4 | 32.8 | 32.4 | 32.4 | 33.1 | 32.7 | 33.4 | |
Latvia | 35.1 | 35.7 | 35.2 | 35.5 | 35.4 | 34.5 | 34.5 | 35.6 | 35.2 |
Lithuania | 33.0 | 32.0 | 34.6 | 35.0 | 37.9 | 37.0 | 37.6 | 36.9 | 35.4 |
Luxembourg | 27.2 | 28.0 | 30.4 | 28.7 | 28.5 | 29.6 | 29.2 | 31.3 | 32.3 |
Malta | 27.2 | 27.1 | 28.0 | 27.7 | 28.1 | 28.6 | 28.2 | 28.7 | 28.0 |
Netherlands | 25.8 | 25.4 | 25.1 | 26.2 | 26.7 | 26.9 | 27.1 | 27.4 | 26.8 |
Poland | 31.1 | 30.9 | 30.7 | 30.8 | 30.6 | 29.8 | 29.2 | 27.8 | 28.5 |
Portugal | 34.2 | 34.5 | 34.2 | 34.5 | 34.0 | 33.9 | 33.5 | 32.1 | 31.9 |
Romania | 33.5 | 34.0 | 34.6 | 35.0 | 37.4 | 34.7 | 33.1 | 35.1 | 34.8 |
Slovakia | 25.7 | 25.3 | 24.2 | 26.1 | 23.7 | 24.3 | 23.2 | 20.9 | 20.3 |
Slovenia | 23.8 | 23.7 | 24.4 | 25.0 | 24.5 | 24.4 | 23.7 | 23.4 | 23.9 |
Spain | 34.0 | 34.2 | 33.7 | 34.7 | 34.6 | 34.5 | 34.1 | 33.2 | 33.0 |
Sweden | 26.0 | 26.0 | 26.0 | 26.9 | 26.7 | 27.6 | 28.0 | 27.0 | 27.6 |
Serbia[n 1] | — | — | 38.0 | 38.3 | 40.0 | 39.8 | 37.6 | 35.6 | |
Montenegro[n 2][9] | — | — | 38.5 | 36.5 | 36.5 | 36.5 | 36.7 | ||
European Union | 30.5 | 30.4 | 30.6 | 30.9 | 30.8 | 30.6 | 30.3 | 30.4 | |
Eurozone (EA19) | 30.6 | 30.5 | 30.7 | 31.0 | 30.7 | 30.7 | 30.4 | 30.6 |
OECD countries[edit]
Gini coefficient, before taxes and transfers[edit]
Country | mid-70s | mid-80s | ~ 1990 | mid-90s | ~ 2000 | mid-2000s | Late 2000s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | 0.467 | 0.476 | 0.465 | 0.469 | |||
Austria | 0.433 | 0.472 | |||||
Belgium | 0.449 | 0.472 | 0.464 | 0.494 | 0.469 | ||
Canada | 0.385 | 0.395 | 0.403 | 0.430 | 0.440 | 0.436 | 0.441 |
Chile | 0.441 | 0.414 | 0.426 | ||||
Czech Republic | 0.442 | 0.472 | 0.474 | 0.444 | |||
Denmark | 0.373 | 0.396 | 0.417 | 0.415 | 0.417 | 0.416 | |
Estonia | 0.504 | 0.458 | |||||
Finland | 0.343 | 0.387 | 0.479 | 0.478 | 0.483 | 0.465 | |
France | 0.380 | 0.370 | 0.473 | 0.490 | 0.485 | 0.483 | |
Germany | 0.439 | 0.429 | 0.459 | 0.471 | 0.499 | 0.504 | |
Greece | 0.448 | 0.426 | 0.446 | 0.466 | 0.454 | 0.436 | |
Hungary | 0.452 | 0.496 | 0.463 | 0.497 | 0.466 | ||
Iceland | 0.365 | 0.382 | |||||
Ireland | |||||||
Israel | 0.472 | 0.476 | 0.494 | 0.504 | 0.513 | 0.498 | |
Italy | 0.420 | 0.437 | 0.508 | 0.516 | 0.557 | 0.534 | |
Japan | 0.345 | 0.403 | 0.432 | 0.443 | 0.462 | ||
Luxembourg | 0.383 | 0.427 | 0.421 | 0.454 | 0.482 | ||
Mexico | 0.453 | 0.532 | 0.517 | 0.491 | 0.494 | ||
Netherlands | 0.426 | 0.473 | 0.474 | 0.484 | 0.424 | 0.426 | 0.426 |
New Zealand | 0.408 | 0.468 | 0.488 | 0.484 | 0.473 | 0.455 | |
Norway | 0.351 | 0.404 | 0.426 | 0.447 | 0.410 | ||
Poland | 0.542 | 0.470 | |||||
Portugal | 0.457 | 0.436 | 0.490 | 0.479 | 0.542 | 0.521 | |
Slovakia | 0.458 | 0.416 | |||||
Slovenia | 0.452 | 0.423 | |||||
South Korea | 0.331 | 0.344 | |||||
Spain | 0.461 | ||||||
Sweden | 0.389 | 0.404 | 0.408 | 0.438 | 0.446 | 0.432 | 0.426 |
Switzerland | 0.409 | ||||||
Turkey | 0.470 | ||||||
United Kingdom | 0.338 | 0.419 | 0.439 | 0.453 | 0.458 | 0.445 | 0.456 |
United States | 0.406 | 0.436 | 0.450 | 0.477 | 0.476 | 0.486 | 0.486 |
Gini coefficient, after taxes and transfers[edit]
Country | mid-70s | mid-80s | ~ 1990 | mid-90s | ~ 2000 | mid-2000s | Late 2000s |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australia | 0.309 | 0.317 | 0.315 | 0.336 | |||
Austria | 0.236 | 0.238 | 0.252 | 0.265 | 0.261 | ||
Belgium | 0.274 | 0.287 | 0.289 | 0.271 | 0.259 | ||
Canada | 0.304 | 0.293 | 0.287 | 0.289 | 0.318 | 0.317 | 0.324 |
Chile | 0.427 | 0.403 | 0.394 | ||||
Czech Republic | 0.232 | 0.257 | 0.260 | 0.268 | 0.256 | ||
Denmark | 0.221 | 0.226 | 0.215 | 0.226 | 0.232 | 0.248 | |
Estonia | 0.349 | 0.315 | |||||
Finland | 0.235 | 0.209 | 0.218 | 0.247 | 0.254 | 0.259 | |
France | 0.300 | 0.290 | 0.277 | 0.287 | 0.288 | 0.293 | |
Germany | 0.251 | 0.256 | 0.266 | 0.264 | 0.285 | 0.295 | |
Greece | 0.413 | 0.336 | 0.336 | 0.345 | 0.321 | 0.307 | |
Hungary | 0.273 | 0.294 | 0.293 | 0.291 | 0.272 | ||
Iceland | 0.257 | 0.301 | |||||
Ireland | 0.331 | 0.324 | 0.304 | 0.314 | 0.293 | ||
Israel | 0.326 | 0.329 | 0.338 | 0.347 | 0.378 | 0.371 | |
Italy | 0.309 | 0.297 | 0.348 | 0.343 | 0.352 | 0.337 | |
Japan | 0.304 | 0.323 | 0.337 | 0.321 | 0.329 | ||
Luxembourg | 0.247 | 0.259 | 0.261 | 0.258 | 0.288 | ||
Mexico | 0.452 | 0.519 | 0.507 | 0.474 | 0.476 | ||
Netherlands | 0.263 | 0.272 | 0.292 | 0.297 | 0.292 | 0.284 | 0.294 |
New Zealand | 0.271 | 0.318 | 0.335 | 0.339 | 0.335 | 0.330 | |
Norway | 0.222 | 0.243 | 0.261 | 0.276 | 0.250 | ||
Poland | 0.316 | 0.349 | 0.305 | ||||
Portugal | 0.354 | 0.329 | 0.359 | 0.356 | 0.385 | 0.353 | |
Slovakia | 0.268 | 0.257 | |||||
Slovenia | 0.246 | 0.236 | |||||
South Korea | 0.306 | 0.315 | |||||
Spain | 0.371 | 0.337 | 0.343 | 0.342 | 0.319 | 0.317 | |
Sweden | 0.212 | 0.198 | 0.209 | 0.211 | 0.243 | 0.234 | 0.259 |
Switzerland | 0.279 | 0.276 | 0.303 | ||||
Turkey | 0.434 | 0.490 | 0.430 | 0.409 | |||
United Kingdom | 0.268 | 0.309 | 0.354 | 0.336 | 0.351 | 0.331 | 0.345 |
United States | 0.316 | 0.337 | 0.348 | 0.361 | 0.357 | 0.380 | 0.378 |
See also[edit]
- List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
- List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty
- List of countries by share of income of the richest one percent
Notes[edit]
- ↑ Serbia is a negotiating candidate to the EU.
- ↑ Montenegro is a negotiating candidate to the EU.
References[edit]
- ↑ "Gini index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
- ↑ Underground economy and income inequality: two connected aspects in the oncoming context of Italian federalism Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. By Iacopo Odoardi and Carmen Pagliari. Vol. 15 No. 1, 2011 Archived 2012-02-09 at the Wayback Machine. Global & Local Economic Review.
- ↑ The Size of the Shadow Economies of 145 Countries all over the World: First Results over the Period 1999 to 2003. December 2004. By Friedrich Schneider (University of Linz and IZA Bonn). Institute for the Study of Labor.
- ↑ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". World Bank. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Monino, Jean-Louis; Sedkaoui, Soraya (2016-03-11). Data Development Mechanisms. pp. 43–72. doi:10.1002/9781119285199.ch3. ISBN 978-1-119-28519-9. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
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ignored (help) - ↑ Distribution of family income – Gini index, The World Factbook, CIA, accessed on September 24, 2020.
- ↑ "Human Development Reports". UNDP. Retrieved 2019-03-04.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Gini Index coefficient – distribution of family income - The World Factbook". CIA. Retrieved 2021-04-19.
- ↑ GINI Index for Montenegro (Report). 18 January 2018.
Further reading[edit]
- "An Overview of Growing Income Inequalities in OECD Countries: Main Findings" (PDF). Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Growing. OECD Publishing. December 2011. ISBN 978-92-64-11163-9. Retrieved 6 December 2011. This book released with two titles, depending on country of publication. However, the ISBN remains the same.
- "Fed's Brainard Says Middle Class Squeeze Poses Risks to Economy". May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019. USA's Gini index is now .482 according to Federal Reserve Governor Lael Brainard.
External links[edit]
- Global Peace Index Map of Gini data for 2007–2010
- Shadow economies all over the world : new estimates for 162 countries from 1999 to 2007. Friedrich Schneider, Andreas Buehn, Claudio E. Montenegro. July 2010. World Bank.
- Allianz Global Wealth Report 2018.
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