Literature of Kashmir

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Literature of Kashmir has a long history, the oldest texts having been composed in the Sanskrit language. Early names include Patanjali, the author of the Mahābhāṣya commentary on Pāṇini's grammar, suggested by some to have been the same to write the Hindu treatise known as the Yogasutra, and Dridhbala, who revised the Charaka Samhita of Ayurveda.

In medieval times, philosophers of Kashmir Shaivism include Vasugupta (c. 800), Utpala (c. 925), Abhinavagupta, Kshemaraja, and Anandavardhana. If we talk about contemporary poetry of Kashmir there are many poets, which include Asif Tariq Bhat,[1][2] Tashi Shah,[3] Akeel Mohiuddin Bhat,[4] and Zeeshan Jaipuri.[5]

Kashmiri language literature[edit]

The below listed table marks Kashmiri language poets as per the book, A History of Kashmiri literature by Trilokinath Raina.[6]

Name Years Birthplace Period Remarks
Lal Ded 1320–1392 Pandrethan/Padmanpore (modern Pampore) Kashmir Shaivism She was the Kashmiri mystic poet credited with pioneering Vaakh/Vatsun or Shrukh genre of Kashmiri literature.
Nund Reshi 1377–1438 Qaimoh, Kulgam Sufism Nund Reshi was among the founders of the Rishi order, a Sufi tradition of the region.
Habba Khatoon 1554–1609 Chandhur, Pampore Lyricism The Queen Poetess was popularly known as the "Nightingale of Kashmir".
Khwaja Habibullah Nowsheri 1555–1617 Nowshera, Srinagar Sufism He was a Hafiz Quran, and was very much fond of singing. He had written some notable Vaakhs too.
Rupa Bhawani 1621–1721 Khanqah-i-Shokta, Nawakadal (Srinagar at present) Mysticism Her Vaakhs reveal the influence of both Kashmir Shaivism and Islamic Sufism.
Sahab Kaul b. 1629 Habba Kadal, Srinagar Kashmir Shaivism His Krishna Avtaar Charit is the first Kashmiri poem of Leela (Divine play) genre.
Nunda Dar d. 1774 Village Kaathyul Sufism He and Syed Ullah Shahabadi are the only two poets who attempted the Ghazal writing successfully before Mahmud Gami.
Arnimal 1738–1778 Palhalan, Pattan Kashmir Lyricism She is the second poet after Habba Khatoon in the field of love lyrics.
Mir Abdulla Behaqi d. 1798 N/A Sufism He is the first Kashmiri poet to adopt Mathnavi (rhyming couplets) as his medium in poetry.
Swocha Kral 1774–1854 Yendragam, Pulwama Sufism His poetry is an exposition of the philosophy of Wahdat-al-Wajood.
Momin Saeb d. 1800 Bebagom, Pulwama Sufism To him belongs the honour of writing the first well-received Mathnavi in Kashmiri, entitled 'Mantaq-al-tayyar' based on Persian mathnavi of the same title by Attar.
Parmananda 1791–1864 Village Seer, Martand (Mattan at present) Mysticism His most notable works include Radha Swayamvara.
Shah Qalandar d. 1850 Haigam or Wahthora, Chadoora dist. Budgam Lyricism Known for his popular mathnavi 'Adam ta Guljaan' (love-story of faqir Adam and Princess Guljaan).
Mahmud Gami 1765–1855 Dooru Shahabad, Anantnag, Kashmir Lyricism Popularly known as Jami of Kashmir, he had also translated Nizami's Layla Majnun into Kashmiri titled Lael Majnun.
Rahim Saeb 1775–1850 Teliwani Mohalla Sopore, Baramulla Sufism He belonged to the Qadri order of Sufism and was significantly influenced by Lal Ded and Nund Reshi.
Wali Ullah Motoo d. 1858 Wuhan, Beerwah dist. Budgam Sufism He has written a Mathnavi based on the legend of Hemal and Nagrai.
Naem Saeb b. 1805 Habba Kadal, Srinagar Lyricism Best known for his lyrical ghazals that have been sung by generation of Kashmiris.
Lakshman Joo Raina Bulbul 1812–1898 Malapora, Ganderbal Srinagar Lyricism Wrote the well-known razmia mathnavi Saamnaama, translation of Firdausi's Classic Shahnaama.
Karam Buland d. 1899 Haanz Gund, Wahthora Budgam Lyricism He had great love of music, theatre and organizing musical sessions. The NGO- Karam Buland Folk Theatre Group in Budgam is also named after him.
Maqbool Shah Kralwari 1820–1877 Kralwara, Nagam Budgam Sufism He is best known for his mathnavi 'Gulrez'.
Rasul Mir 1840–1870 Dooru Shahabad, Anantnag, Kashmir Romanticism Rasul Mir formally inaugurated Ghazal into Kashmiri poetry. Gazals with rivers, valleys, birds, fruits and imagery of Kashmir are his forte.
Abdul Ahad Nadim 1842–1911 Bandipora Lyricism Had written the social satire Shaharashob.
Wahab Khar 1842–1912 Pampore, Pulwama Sufism He came from a lineage of poets: his father and grandfather, both blacksmiths by profession, were also venerated Sufi poets.
Rahman Dar d. 1897 Safa Kadal, Srinagar Sufism He is best known for his Mathnavi Sheeshrang.
Shamas Faqir 1849–1904 Zaindar, Srinagar Sufism He belonged to the Qadriya silsila of Sufism and had also written the mathnavi Mehrajnaama, recounting prophet Muhammad's Mehraj (spiritual journey) to God.
Pir Ghulam Mohammad Hanfi 1849–1937 N/A Sufism The Kashmiri translation of Quran which was published under the name of Maulvi Yusuf Shah was actually done by Hanfi.
Krishna Razdan 1850–1925 Wanpoh, Anantnag Mysticism He is known for his Shiv Puraan and Shiv Lagan.
Aziz Ullah Haqqani 1854–1919 Narparistan, Srinagar Romanticism His best known mathnavi is 'Mumtaaz Benazir', which had attained the same popularity as Maqbool Shah Kralwari's Gulrez.
Saif-ud-din Ariz N/A Pulwama Lyricism His mathnavi entitled Nav Bahaar, had been translated into Persian. Though, the manuscript remains undiscovered so far.
Haji Mohammad Alyaas 1881–1941 Tsrar Sharief, Budgam Romanticism He had been inspired by Aziz Ullah Haqqani, and wrote his rendering of the mathnavi Mumtaaz Benazir.
Mohammad Ismail Nami 1884–1940 Kavador, Srinagar Lyricism He was an extensive traveller of Tibet and had written Tibet Safarnama and Nizami's Sheeren Farhad in Kashmiri.
Prakash Ram Bhat d. 1885 Devsar dist. Kulgam Mysticism He is the author of the first Razmia (war) mathnavi in Kashmiri literature, 'Ramavtaar Charit', based on Ramayana.
Akbar Bhat d. 1910 Anantnag Sufism He roamed as a fakir all over the valley for two years and after this peregrination wrote the poem Saalgah.
Kaefi Shah d. 1910 Kothar dist. Udhampur Romanticism Wrote a romantic mathnavi, 'Qissa Behraam Shah'
Abdul Rahim Aima d. 1911 Nagam, Banihal Sufism His mathnavi 'Gulbadan' is a translation of Muhammad Ali Murad's Urdu mathnavi of the same title.
Pir Mohi-u-din Miskeen d. 1915 Kulgam Sufism Had written 6 mathnavis, including Yusuf Zuleikha, Zeba Nigaar and Laal Majnoon.
Vishna Kaul d. 1917 Kulgam Mysticism He had translated Valmiki's Ramayana into Kashmiri
Haji Mohi-ud-din Miskin d. 1921 Srinagar Sufism His mathnavi 'Zeba Nigaar' has been credited to Rasul Mir by Abdul Ahad Azad in Kashmiri zuban aur shairi vol.II
Asad Mir d. 1930 N/A Sufism He had written the popular ghazal Yeli Janaan Ralem
Abdul Qaadir Faarig N/A N/A Sufism He was the father of ex-chief minister, Ghulam Mohammad Sadiq
Ahad Zargar 1882–1984 Narvara, Srinagar Sufism His well known mathnavis include- 'Kaefir Sapdith Korum Iqraar', expressing the philosophy Wahadat-al-Wajood.
Zinda Kaul 1884–1965 Srinagar Lyricism He had won the Sahitya Akademi award, 1956 for his volume Sumaran (The Rosary).
Mahjoor 1887–1952 Mitrigam, Pulwama Lyricism Being a revolutionary poet, he is famously known as Shair-e-Kashmir.
Samad Mir 1892–1959 Haar Nambal, Narwara Srinagar Sufism His 'Aka Nandun' is the Kashmiri rendering of the legend of prophet Ibrahim and Ishmael.
Abdul Ahad Zargar b. 1908 Srinagar Sufism Being a disciple of Samad Mir, his expression was also multi-lingual that assimilated Arabic, Sanskrit and Persian languages and brewed them with Kashmiri language.
Dina Nath Wali Almast 1908–2006 Badyar Bala, Srinagar Progressive movement His collection of poetry include Bala Yapair (This side of Mountains, 1955) and Sahaavukh Posh (Desert Flowers, 1981).
Abdul Ahad Azad 1909–1948 Chadoora, Budgam Lyricism He had written the essay Kashmiri zuban aur shairi.
Mir Ghulam Rasool Nazki 1910–1998 Bandipora Sufism His well known works include Namrodnama.
Ali Mohammad Gilkar d. 1976 Nowhatta, Srinagar Sufism He was a great spiritual leader and a great Sufi saint, and popular among masses as Woast bab or Dassil bab. He is best known for his book Kaleed Ludni.
Mirza Ghulam Hassan Beg Arif 1910–2005 Anantnag Progressive movement Known for his satirical piece Aawaaz-i-dost.
Dina Nath Nadim 1916–1988 Srinagar Progressive movement Had written an anti-war poem Mae Chhum aash paghich.
Fazil Kashmiri 1916–2004 Srinagar Progressive movement As a versatile poet he had proven his command or mastery in all genres of poetry – Ghazal, Nazm, Rubai, Qata, Marsiya, Munajat, Na'at, Manqabat, Leela etc.
Mohiuddin Hajni 1917–1993 Bandipora Progressive movement His play Grees Sund Ghar is the first play in Kashmiri language.
Lal Aragami 1923–1988 Chattibanday Aragam, Bandipora Sufism His well known works include Sareth Rahbar Lobum Moula.
Abdul Khaliq Tak Zainageri 1924–1989 Hardishiva, Zaingeer Sopore Sufism It was in 1972 that he laid the foundation of the J& K Yateem Trust. He has also written poems for children, depicting his love for the orphans and the weak.
Sarwananda Koul Premi 1924–1990 Sarf Shali, Kokernag Anantnag Progressive movement Mahjoor gave him the name "Premi" (meaning Lover) because his poetry was full of love for Kashmir.
Amin Kamil 1924–2014 Kaprin, Shopian Progressive movement His notable works include the collections Beyi Sui Paan and Padis Pod Tshaayi.
Arjan Dev Majboor 1924–2015 Zainpora, Pulwama Progressive movement He had translated Kalidas's Meghadootam into Kashmiri.
Rahman Rahi 1925–present Srinagar Progressive movement His Navroz-e-Saba had won the Sahitya Akademi award, 1961.
Pushkar Bhan 1926–2008 N/A Progressive movement As a playwright he had collaborated 3 times with Som Nath Sadhu.
Ali Mohammed Lone 1927–1987 Drogjan, Dal Gate Srinagar Progressive movement He was a prominent dramatist of Kashmiri language and had written the plays Te Vyeth Rooz Pakaan and Suyya.
Ghulam Nabi Firaq 1927–2016 Naushera, Srinagar Progressive movement Adapted play Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe into Kashmiri language.
Akhtar Mohiuddin 1928–2001 N/A Progressive movement He had written the first novel in Kashmiri language, entitled Dod Dag (1957), and was a prominent short story writer in Kashmiri.
Ghulam Rasool Santosh 1929–1997 Chinkral, Habba Kadal Srinagar Kashmir Shaivism As a poet he had been the recipient of Sahitya Akademi award for his poem Be Soakh Rooh (1978).
Moti Lal Kemmu 1933–2018 Srinagar Progressive movement Being a multi-faceted artist, he had worked as a choreographer for Dina Nath Nadim's Bombur Yembarzal, and Himal Nagrai.
Naji Munawar 1933–2021 Kaprin, Shopian Modern-age Best known for his collection Mwokhta lar, a book of stories for children.
Autar Krishen Rahbar 1934–2020 Fatehkadal, Downtown Srinagar Modern-age He was a dramatist, and had written the famous play Badshah.
Zeba Zeenat 1934–present Nadihal, Bandipora Sufism She is a mystic poet whose work is based on self-exploration.
Hari Kishan Kaul 1934–present Srinagar Modern-age He is a well-known playwright and short story writer in Kashmiri. He is best known for his play Yeli Watan Khur Chu Yevan.
Ghulam Nabi Gauhar 1934–present Charar-e-Sharief, Budgam Modern-age He had written the second novel in Kashmiri language, entitled Mujrim (1971).
Muzaffar Aazim 1934–present N/A Modern-age His notable works include a play titled Havas ta Haasil.
Pran Kishore Kaul N/A N/A Modern-age He had written the screenplay for the popular Doordarshan Television series Gul Gulshan Gulfaam.
Som Nath Sadhu 1935–1982 N/A Modern-age Apart from being a significant playwright, he had also won the Padma Shri (fourth highest Indian civilian award) in 1974.
Taj Begum Renzu 1935–2015 Srinagar Modern-age She is the first Kashmiri female fiction writer and journalist.
Mohammad Yousuf Taing 1935–present Shopian, Kashmir Modern-age His work, Mahjoor Shinasi (A criticism on Mahjoor) won him the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1998.
Moti Lal Saqi 1936–1999 Bijbehara, Anantnag Modern-age He received the Sahitya Akademi award in 1981 for Mansar.
Sajood Sailani 1936–2020 Nowgam, Srinagar Modern-age He served as a member of Sahitya Akademi's advisory board from 1973 to 1977 and in 1990.
Chaman Lal Chaman 1937–1999 N/A Romanticism He had represented Kashmir at the National Conference of poets in 1960.
Ayub Sabir N/A N/A Modern-age For his famed book Gulalan Shaadmani, Sabir was awarded children's best literature award by Sahitya Academy New Delhi in 2013.
Mishal Sultanpuri 1937–2020 Sultanpur, Baramulla Modern-age In 2009 he got the Sahitya Academy award for his book Vont on literary criticism.
Marghoob Banihali 1937–2021 Bankoot, Banihal Modern-age He had returned his Sahitya Akademi award in 2015, for his Partavistan (1979), a collection of poetry.
Hriday Kaul Bharti 1937–2020 Sopore Modern-age He is best known for his contemporary short stories including- Doan athan hinz dastaan.
Ghulam Nabi Khayal 1938–present N/A Modern-age He became the first Kashmiri writer to return the Sahitya Akademi award in 2015, for his Gashik Minaar (Luminaries), 1975.
Ali Mohammad Shahbaz 1939–1996 Shathgund, Handwara Resistance literature His literary work pictured and voiced the agony of Kashmir conflict.
Rasool Pampur 1940–2015 Hassenpora, Bijbehara Sufism He was very much inspired by the Sufi compositions of Lal Ded and Sheikh-Ul-Alam.
Farooq Nazki 1940–present Bandipora Modern-age He is the son of Ghulam Rasool Nazki.
Shafi Shaida 1941–2015 Akilmir Khanyar, Srinagar Modern-age As a prominent dramatist, he scripted 26 episodes of Habba Khatoon- the first Urdu drama from Kashmir which was broadcast on DD Kaeshur.
Omkar Nath Koul 1941–2018 Kulgam Modern-age He was a prominent linguist of Kashmiri language.
Zareef Ahmad Zareef 1943–present Aali kadal, Downtown Srinagar Modern-age Had won the Sahitya Akademi award for Tchoonch poot.
Shahnaz Rasheed 1947–present Sopore Modern-age He released his first book Doad Khatith Guldanan Manz (Pain concealed in flower vases) in 2006, and was highly acclaimed by critics.
Rafiq Raaz 1950–present Srinagar Modern-age He is the author of Arooz Kashir Zaban (Prosody of Kashmiri language).
Shafi Shauq 1950–present N/A Modern-age He is the author of Kaeshur Lugaat (Dictionary of Kashmiri language).
Naseem Shafaie 1952–present Srinagar Modern-age She is the first Kashmiri women to win the Sahitya Akademi award.
Basheer Asrar 1953–2021 Malaknag, Anantnag Modern-age He is the founder of 'The District Cultural Association Anantnag’ which is considered to be one of the best forums for new comers as well as senior literary figures.
Shad Ramzan 1956–present Kulgam Modern-age He had won the Sahitya Akademi award for 'Kore Kaakud Gome Pushrith' (2014).
Aadil Mohi-ud-din N/A Sumbal, Bandipora Modern-age He had received the Sahitya Akademi award for his literary criticism entitled- Zol Dith Sadras (2016).
Aziz Hajini 1957– 2021 Hajin, Bandipora Modern-age He was the former Secretary of Jammu Kashmir Academy of Art Culture and languages (JAACL).
Madhosh Balhami 1965–present Balhama, Pampore Pulwama Resistance literature He is particularly known for his recitation of elegies composed for the funerals of militants in Kashmir.
Zareefa Jan 1966–present Poshwari, Sonawari Bandipora Sufism Her poetic world is as fascinating as her mystifying appearance. Her poetry treasure includes a few of her notebooks filled with circles. Those circles or codes can be read by her only.
Sunita Raina Pandit 1967-present Anantnag Modern-age Her book 'The Call of Silence' was released in collaboration with Jammu Kashmir Academy of Art Culture and languages (JAACL).
Haleema Qadri 1972–present Churmujur, Budgam Sufism In 2015, she had self-published her collection of poetry, entitled Ishq-e-Nabi.
Nighat Sahiba 1983–present Anantnag Modern-age She had won the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar for her Zard Paniek Daer (2017).
Sofi Ghulam Mohd 1986-present Charari Sharief Modern-age A critic, short-story writer, translator. He is also the author of Sadre Tchakis tal, Wande Bavath, Sari Harf, pragash etc.
Rumuz N/A Srinagar Modern-age As soon as she devoted herself to poetry writing, her verses reflected self-reliance, empowerment, and struggle amidst the valley's strife backdrop.
Asif Tariq Bhat 2000–present Duderhama, Ganderbal Modern-age Asif's work began to get published on a larger scale ranging from the college magazine to Sangarmaal, the sole Kashmiri literary journal of Kashmir.

The use of the Kashmiri language began with the work Mahānaya-Prakāsha[7] by Rājānaka Shiti Kantha (c.1250),[8] and was followed by the poet Lalleshvari or Lal Ded (14th century), who wrote mystical verses in the vaakh or four-line couplet style.[9] Another mystic of her time equally revered in Kashmir and popularly known as Nund Reshi wrote powerful poetry. Later came Habba Khatun (16th century) with her own style. Other major names are Rupa Bhavani (1621–1721), Paramananda (1791–1864), Arnimal (d. 1800), Mahmud Gami (1765–1855), Rasul Mir (d. 1870), Maqbool Shah Kralawari (1820–1877). Also, the Sufi poets like Shamas Faqir, Wahab Khar, Soch Kral, Samad Mir, and Ahad Zargar. Among modern poets are Ghulam Ahmad Mahjoor (1885–1952), Abdul Ahad Azad (1903–1948), and Zinda Kaul (1884–1965).

During the 1950s, a number of well educated youth turned to Kashmiri writing, both poetry and prose, and enriched modern Kashmiri writing by leaps and bounds. Among these writers are Dinanath Nadim (1916–1988), Amin Kamil (1923–2014),[10] Sarwanand Kaol Premi (1924–1990), Rehman Rahi (born 1925), Ghulam Nabi Firaq (1927–2016), Ali Mohammed Lone[11] (1928–1987), Akhtar Mohiuddin (1928–2001), Ali Mohammad Shahbaz, Avtar Krishen Rahbar (born 1933), Sajood Sailani, Som Nath Zutshi, Muzaffar Aazim.[12] Some later day writers are Hari Kishan Kaul, Majrooh Rashid, Rattanlal Shant, Hirdhey Kaul Bharti, Omkar N Koul, Roop Krishen Bhat, Rafiq Raaz, Tariq Shehraz, Shafi Shauq, Showkat Shehri, M.H Zaffar, G.M Azad, Anis Hamdani, Barkat Nida, Majrooh Rashid, Shafi Sumbli, Bashar Bashir, Shenaz Rashid, Shabir Ahmad Shabir, Shabir Magami, Tariq Ahmad Tariq,[13] and Moti Lal Kemmu.

Contemporary Kashmiri literature appears in such magazines as "Sheeraza" published by the Jammu & Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, "Anhar" published by the Kashmirri Department of the Kashmir University, and an independent magazines/portals like "The Kashmir Tales".[14] "Mountain Ink", Inverse Journal Neab International Kashmiri Magazine[15] published from Boston, Vaakh (published by All India Kashmiri Samaj, Delhi) and Koshur Samachar (published by Kashmiri Sahayak Sammiti, Delhi).

Ancient writers in Sanskrit[edit]

Writers in Persian[edit]

See also: Persian language in the Indian subcontinent

After Sanskrit and before the coming Urdu, because of the adoration and patronising policy of foreign culture by the Mughals, Persian became the literary language also of the region. Kashmir was very richly represented in that tradition, as already before the end of the 18th century "Muhammad Aslah's tazkira of the Persian-writing poets of Kashmir, written during the reign of the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah (1131-61/1719-48), alone lists 303 poets".[49] Late scholar from Pakistan, Pir Hassam-ud-Din Rashidi, edited, translated, and enlarged this work later, and had it published by the Iqbal Academy.

The most famous of them was Muhammad Tahir Ghani (d. 1669), better known as Ghani Kashmiri, whose poetry was recently translated into English, for the first time, by Mufti Mudasir Farooqi and Nusrat Bazaz as 'The Captured Gazelle' in the world-renowned Penguin Classics list. Ghani influenced many generations of Persian-and Urdu writing poets in South Asia including Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib and most importantly, Iqbal. Ghani's "forte" lies in creating delightful poetic images, usually by stating an abstract idea in the first hemistich and following it up with a concrete exemplification in the other. He also stands out for his multi-layered poems, which exploit the double meaning of words.

Another name in the field of Persian-language writers from Kashmir is Sheikh Yaqub Sarfi Ganai (1521-1595), a 16th-century Sufi poet-philosopher who was internationally acknowledged and who had for students, amongst others, well-known religious scholar Ahmad Sirhindi (more particularly, he taught him hadith)[50][51] and Persian-language poet Mohsin Fani Kashmiri (d. 1671 or 1672) (himself the teacher of Ghani Kashmiri and author of the pivotal work of comparative religion, the Dabestan-e Mazaheb).

Other of the well-known and influential Persian-language poets of Kashmir would include Habibullah Ghanai (1556-1617), Mirza Dirab Big Juya (d. 1707), Gani Kashmiri (1630–1669), Mirza Beg Akmal Kamil (1645-1719), Muhammad Aslam Salim (d. 1718), Mulla Muhammad Taufiq (1765), Muhammed Azam Didamari (d. 1765), Mulla Muhammad Hamid (1848) or Birbal Kachru Varasta (d. 1865), amongst a myriad. Of course, Kashmiri Pandits too played a role in that school, and one exceptional case was Pandit Taba Ram Turki (1776–1847), who was a celebrity as far as Central Asia.

Writers in Urdu[edit]

Despite being a numerically small community, the Kashmiri Pandits are over-represented in their contribution to Urdu literature. One important early example is Daya Shankar Kaul Nasim (1811–1845), a renowned Urdu poet of the 19th century, and hundreds of others followed his path.[52]

Some eminent Urdu literary personalities of Kashmiri origins (from both the Valley and the diaspora) include (in chronological order):

Writers in Hindi[edit]

Writers in English[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "The new face of contemporary poetry. Meet Asif Tariq Bhat". Kashmir Analyser. 2021-02-15. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  2. ↑ Kashmir, Rising. "Promoting mother tongue with poetry || Rising Kashmir". Promoting mother tongue with poetry || Rising Kashmir. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  3. ↑ "How Poetry Helped Bring a Piece of Kashmir to Delhi". The Wire. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  4. ↑ Admin, India Education Diary Bureau (2020-11-17). "Literary function, Mushaira held at Bandipora". India Education,Education News India,Education News | India Education Diary. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  5. ↑ Saffudin, Ali (2018-06-05). "For the love of language: Kashmir's new age Urdu poets—Part I | Free Press Kashmir". freepresskashmir.news. Retrieved 2021-02-17.
  6. ↑ Raina, Trilokinath (2002). A History of Kashmiri literature. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788126013661.
  7. ↑ Shiti Kanta (1918). Pandit Mukunda Rama Shastri (ed.). The Mahanaya-Prakasha of Rajanaka Shiti Kanta. The Research Department, Jammu & Kashmir State.
  8. ↑ Sisir Kumar Das (2006). A history of Indian literature, AD.500–1399: from courtly to the popular. Sahitya Akademi. p. 193. ISBN 9788126021710. Scholars consider _Mahanayakaprakash_ (Light of the supreme lord) by Shitikantha (c.1250) as the earliest work in Kashmiri language.
  9. ↑ Lal Ded. I, Lalla : Poems of Lal Ded. Translated by Ranjit Hoskote. Penguin 2011.
  10. ↑ "Amin Kamil - Kashmiri literature, Kashmiri poetry". Kamil.neabinternational.org. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  11. ↑ Ali Mohammed Lone, A fearless dramatist. "Ali Mohammed Lone, Greater Kashmir". Greater Kashmir. Retrieved 18 January 2021. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= requires |archive-url= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ↑ "Kashmiri Language".
  13. ↑ "Welcome To the Homepage of LALDED". Lalded.8k.com. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  14. ↑ "How young poets from Kashmir are creating a parallel poets' society with online mushairas". The Print.
  15. ↑ "Kashmiri Language and Literature - Kashmiri Magazine of Kashmiri Poetry, Kashmiri Fiction". www.neabinternational.org. Retrieved 2021-01-18.
  16. ↑ Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, History of Science and Technology in Ancient India, Firma K.L Mukhopadhyaya (1986), pp. 486-494
  17. ↑ Satya Prakash, Founders of Sciences in Ancient India (part II), Vijay Kumar (1989), p.471
  18. ↑ B.S. Yadav & Man Mohan, Ancient Indian Leaps into Mathematics, Birkhäuser (2011), p. 78
  19. ↑ M. I. Mikhailov & N. S. Mikhailov, Key to the Vedas, Minsk-Vilnius (2005), p. 105
  20. ↑ Sures Chandra Banerji, A Companion to Sanskrit Literature, Motilal Banarsidass (1989), p. 59
  21. ↑ Helaine Selin, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Kluwer Academic Publishers (1997), p. 977
  22. ↑ Martin Levey, Early Arabic Pharmacology: An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources, Brill Archive (1973), p. 10
  23. ↑ P. N. K. Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir - Volume 1, M D Publications (1994), p.268
  24. ↑ S.K. Sopory, Glimpses Of Kashmir, APH Publishing Corporation (2004), p. 62
  25. ↑ Krishan Lal Kalla, The Literary Heritage of Kashmir, Mittal Publications (1985), p.65
  26. ↑ Guang Xing, The Concept of the Buddha, RoutledgeCurzon (2005), p. 26
  27. ↑ Phyllis G. Jestice, Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO Ltd (2004), p. 621
  28. ↑ Encyclopaedia of Indian Medicine: Historical perspective, Popular Prakashan (1985), p. 100
  29. ↑ Ramachandra S.K. Rao, Encyclopaedia of Indian medicine : volume 1, Popular Prakashan (2005), p. 63
  30. ↑ Ram Gopal, Kālidāsa: His Art and Culture, Concept Publishing Company (1984), p.3
  31. ↑ P. N. K. Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir - Volume 1, M D Publications (1994), p.261-262
  32. ↑ M. K. Kaw, Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society, APH Publishing Corporation (2004), p.388
  33. ↑ Claus Vogel, Vāgbhaṭa Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā. The First Five Chapters of Its Tibetan Version, Franz Steiner (1965), p.13
  34. ↑ Anna Akasoy & co., Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes, Ashgate Publishing Limited (2011), p.76
  35. ↑ Richard Pischel, A Grammar of the Prakrit Languages, Motilal Banarsidass (1999), p. 43
  36. ↑ Satya Ranjan Banerjee, The Eastern School of Prakrit Grammarians: A Linguistic Study, Vidyasagar Pustak Mandir (1977), p. 31
  37. ↑ Kamaleswar Bhattacharya, India & Beyond, Routledge (2009), p. 2
  38. ↑ John E. Cort, Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History, State University of New York Press (1998), p.57
  39. ↑ Kolar Sesha Iyer Nagarajan, Contribution of Kashmir to Sanskrit literature, V.B. Soobbiah (1970), p. 426
  40. ↑ R.N. Rai, Karanasara Of Vatesvara, Indian National Science Academy (1970), vol. 6, n. I, p. 34 Archived 2015-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ↑ Vaṭeśvara, Vaṭeśvara-siddhānta and Gola of Vaṭeśvara: English translation and commentary, National Commission for the Compilation of History of Sciences in India (1985), p. xxvii
  42. ↑ P. N. K. Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir - Volume 1, M D Publications (1994), p.269
  43. ↑ Sheldon Pollock, Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia, University of California Press (2003), p. 112
  44. ↑ Bina Chatterjee (introduction by), The Khandakhadyaka of Brahmagupta, Motilal Banarsidass (1970), p. 13
  45. ↑ Lallanji Gopal, History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D., Concept Publishing Company (2008), p. 603
  46. ↑ Kosla Vepa, Astronomical Dating of Events & Select Vignettes from Indian History, Indic Studies Foundation (2008), p. 372
  47. ↑ Dwijendra Narayan Jha (edited by), The feudal order: state, society, and ideology in early medieval India, Manohar Publishers & Distributors (2000), p. 276
  48. ↑ P. N. K. Bamzai, Culture and Political History of Kashmir - Volume 1, M D Publications (1994), p.269
  49. ↑ Collective, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 6, p. 980
  50. ↑ Anna Zelkina, In Quest for God and Freedom: The Sufi Response to the Russian Advance in the North Caucasus, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers (200), p. 88
  51. ↑ Irshad Alam, Faith Practice and Piety: An Excerpt from the Maktūbāt, Sufi Peace Mission (2006), p. 20
  52. ↑ Shri Ram Bakshi, Kashmir: Valley and Its Culture, Sarun & Son (1997), p. 165
  53. ↑ Hamid Afaq Qureshi, The Mughals, the English & the rulers of Awadh, from 1722 A.D. to 1856 A.D., New Royal Book Co (2003), p.79
  54. ↑ Amaresh Misra, Lucknow, fire of grace: the story of its revolution, renaissance and the aftermath, HarperCollins Publishers India (1998), p. 57
  55. ↑ Purnendu Basu, Oudh and the East India Company, 1785-1801, Maxwell Company (1943), p. 22
  56. ↑ Simon Schaffer, The Brokered World: Go-Betweens and Global Intelligence, 1770-1820, Science History Publications (2009), p. 53
  57. ↑ Surendra Mohan, Awadh Under the Nawabs: Politics, Culture, and Communal Relations, 1722-1856, Manohar Publishers & Distributors (1997), p.80
  58. ↑ Edited by Bernard Lightman, The Circulation of Knowledge Between Britain, India and China, BRILL (2013), p.67
  59. ↑ Abida Samiuddin, Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Urdu Literature, Global Vision Publishing House (2008), p. 94
  60. ↑ Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib, Persian poetry of Mirza Ghalib, Pen Productions (2000), p. 7
  61. ↑ K.C. Kanda, Masterpieces of Urdu Ghazal from the 17th to the 20th Century, Sterling (1992), p. 182
  62. ↑ K.C. Kanda, Masterpieces of Urdu Ghazal from the 17th to the 20th Century, Sterling (1992), p. 182
  63. ↑ Ali Jawad Zaidi, A History of Urdu literature, Sahitya Akademi (1993), p. 181
  64. ↑ D.J. Matthews, Urdu Literature, South Asia Books (1985), p. 86
  65. ↑ A website on Dr Khalifa Abdul Hakim maintained by a relative and with a lot of bibliographical resources
  66. ↑ Punjab's Kashmir connection
  67. ↑ A Scholar-Intellectual
  68. ↑ "Taufiq Rafat - the Ezra Pound of Pakistan". The Nation. 2009-11-09. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
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