Talk:Mauryan Empire

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Respectable editors , please add these citations here on this page and also in Seleucid-Mauryan war page and on Chandragupta also...All these citations from authorized historian books.

" Seleukus, one of Alexander's generals, had made himself king of western and central Asia. But in 305 B.C. Chandragupta, after a successful campaign, forced him not only to give up all thought of conquest in India but also to cede the provinces of Parapamisadai, Aria, Arachosia, and probably Gedrosia . Thus the Hindu Kush mountains became the frontier of the first Indian Empire. Its capital was Pataliputra (now Patna). Chandragupta died in 297 B.C. and was succeeded by his son Bindusura (272 B.C.) and his grandson, the renowned Asoka (272-232). Asoka's Empire extended in the north-west to the Hindu Kush, and included most of the territory now called Afghanistan, the greater part of Baluchistan, and all Sindh. Northwards his dominions stretched to the foot of the Himalayas and seem to have comprised the districts round Srinagar (which was built by him) and the territory round Lalita Patan in Nepal, two and a half miles south-east of Kathmandu (also built by him). The whole of Bengal acknowledged his sway, and the kingdom of Kalinga (i.e., the strip of country extending along the coast of the Bay of Bengal from the Mahanadi to the Godaveri) was subjugated in 261 B.C. The Dekkan had already been conquered either by Chandragupta or by Bindusura. The Andhra kingdom, between the Godaveri and the Kistna, was administered by its own raja, but seems to have been a protected state. The southern frontier of the empire must have coincided closely with the 13th degree of northern latitude. The southern Tamil kingdoms of Chola, Pandya, Satiya, and Chera remained independent."

Joppen , page Page 6-7[3]

Pg.75 : Chandragupta Maurya, and the four satrapies of Aria, Arachosia, Gedrosia, and the Paropanisadai were ceded to him by Seleukos Nikator about B.C. 305. The Maurya frontier was thus extended as far as the Hindû Kush Mountains, and the greater part of the countries now called Afghanistan, Balûchistan and Makran, with the North-Western Frontier Province, became incorporated in the Indian Empire. That empire included the famous strongholds of Kabul, Zabul, Kandahar, and Herat, and so possessed the scientific frontier' for which Anglo-Indian statesmen have long sighed in vain.

Asoka, the Buddhist emperor of India by Smith, Vincent Arthur [4]

Pg.105 : Net result of the expedition, however, clearly indicate that Seleucus met with a miserable failure. For he had not only to finally abandon the idea of reconquering the Panjab, but had to buy peace by ceding Paropanisadai, Arachosia, and Aria, three rich provinces with the cities now known as Kabul, Kandähär and Herät respectively as their capitals, and also Gedrosia (Baluchistan), or at least a part of it. The victorious Maurya king probably married the daughter of his Greek rival, and made a present of five hundred elephants to his royl father-in-law.

Ancient India by R. C. Majumdar[5]

Pg. 170 : By 311 B.C. or somewhat later the Indus had become the frontier of the Magadhan Empire. Further westward expansion was largely the outcome of the successful military encounter with Seleucus Nicator (Seleukos Nikator), founder of the Seleucid dynasty and inheritor of Alexander's eastern empire from northern Syria to India Between 305 and 302 B.C. Seleucus ceded the satrapies of Gedrosia. Arachosia, Paropamisadai, and probably Aria , gave his adversary a Greek princess in marriage, and obtained in return 500 war elephants and permanent peace and friendship on his eastern frontier. About this time, perhaps earlier, western Gandhara and areas north to the Hindu Kush, Abhisara, and probably Kasmira were also annexed to the Mauryan dominions.

Historical Atlas of India by Joseph E. Schwartzberg [6]

Pg.33 : The ancient historians Justin, Appian, and Strabo preserve the three main terms of what I will call the Treaty of the Indus: (i) Seleucus transferred to Chandragupta's kingdom the easternmost satrapies of his empire, certainly Gandhara, Parapamisadae, and the eastern parts of Gedrosia, and possibly also Arachosia and Aria as far as Herat. (ii) Chandragupta gave Seleucus 500 Indian war elephants. (iii) The two kings were joined by some kind of marriage alliance (ἐπιγαμία οι κῆδος); most likely Chandragupta wed a female relative of Seleucus.

The Land of the Elephant Kings by Paul J Kosmin [7]

Pg. 15 : Towards the north-west, his empire marched with that of the Syrian monarch, Antiochos [R.E. II], and hence extended up to Persia and Syria which were held by Antiochos, while it is also known how Asoka's grandfather, Chandragupta, had wrested from Selukos the provinces of Aria, Arachosia, Paropanisadai and Gedrosia, which descended to Asoka as his inheritance. Lastly, the extent of his empire is also indicated by his own mention in the Edicts (Rock Edict II, V, and XIII] of the peoples on its borders In the south, these are mentioned as the Cholas, Pandyas, the Satiyaputra and Keralaputra, who were all within his sphere of influence Towards the north-west, his empire marched with that of the Syrian monarch, Antiochos [Rock Edict II], and hence extended up to Persia and Syria which were held by Antiochos, while it is also known how Asoka's grandfather, Chandragupta, had wrested from Selukos the provinces of Aria, Arachosia, Paropanisadai and Gedrosia, which descended to Asoka as his inheritance .

Asoka by Radhakumud Mookerji[8]
Hello , I updated some citations on Seleucus Chandrgupta War page , I do not have that much time to add or update citations on other pages. That's why, I am requesting you to create your own Bharatpedia account and perform constructive editing. Best Regards. 🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁(📩) 06:44, 21 February 2024 (IST)

Some Good Sources regarding Later Mauryan King Anirjitavarman[edit]

Please add these references in later Mauryan section of this article.

Its received inscription is in Southern Sanskrit language.[9] Who probably ruled Konkan between the 6th and 7th centuries.[10] We get information about it from copper-based inscriptions discovered from Bandora, Goa.[11]

Copper Plate Edict Of Anirjitavarman, Bandora[1]
Copper Plate Edict Of Anirjitavarman, Bandora, Texts [2]

Two copper plate inscriptions were discovered, of which the kings belonged to the same dynasty, one was Anirjitavarman and the other was Chandravarman, who were probably destroyed by Pulakesin II of the Chalukya dynasty.[12]

    • Epigraphia Indica, Volume-33, Issue no.-1-91 , Page.294-295: The inscription is important as it introduces a hitherto unknown king of the Maurya dynasty, viz. Anirjitavarman who seems to have held sway somewhere in the western coast about the Goa territory about the 6th or 7th century A.D. Though it is difficult to identify Kumára-dvipa whence the charter was issued, it appears to have been located somewhere in this region. In this connection, we may notice another copper-plate inscription which is also reported to have been discovered in Goa and which belongs to the reign of a king named Chandravarman....... The relations between the two Maurya kings Anirjitavarman and Chandravarman with the Bhoja kings cannot be determined without further light on the subject. It may, however, be noted that, in the celebrated Athole inscription of Pulakésin dated in 634 A.D., the king’s father Krtivarman І is described as a night of death to the Mauryas, Naļas and Kadambas ‘of whom the Mauryas were ruling in the Koñkan stated later in the record. Mangalesa and Pulekésin II also are creditéd with success against these Mauryas.[13]
    • OLD GOA WORLD HERITAGE SERIES-by ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, Page.9: In the sixth century, king Anirjitavarman, ruling from Kumāradvīpa (present Kumbarjuva), held sway over this land. Goa passed under the Chalukyas of Badami from AD 580 to 750 and later, till the end of the thirteenth century, was successively ruled by the Sīlahāras and the Kadambas as nominal feudatories, respectively of the Rashtrakūtas and the Western Chalukyas of Kalyāņi.[14]
    • Boletim Do Instituto Menezes Braganca by Comissao De Redaccao, Page.58: Our Bandora copper plates tell us of King Anirjitavarman reigning from Kumardvipa who enriched a Rastrakuta with a kajjan gift at Malara.[15]
    • Department of Archaeology Epigraphia Indica by N. P. Chakravarti, Page.339-340: It records the order of the illustrious Anirjitavarman, the Mauryya Mahārāja, issued from the victorious Kumāradvipa, to the inhabitants and officials of twelve villages (dvādaśa-gramya). The order announces that a gift of certain lands, tank, garden and house-site was made by the king to a Brahmaņa, named Hastyärya, of the Harita gotra. The gift was made with the object of securing the welfare or final beatitude (si[*]irčyas-ärttham) of Nagapadda, Malladatta, Achala and the king himself. The inscription is dated the 10th day of the 7th fort- night of He[manta"] in the 29th year, apparently of the king's reign. This mode of recording dates in seasons and fortnights is not usually met with in inscriptions of a period later than the 6th century. Consequently this record may be placed in the 6th century, and palaeography does not militate against this view. In the Aihole inscription of Pulikěšin II, his father Kirtivarman I is stated to have been the night of doom to the Nalas, Mauryas and Kadambas. Pulikēšin II himself claims a decisive victory over the Mauryas in the Końkaņas. Evidently it is to this Maurya family that Anirjitavarman belonged.[16]
    • Sources of the History of India Volume 1 by S.P. Sen, Page.472: The Konkan Mauryas seem to have ruled over it from Kumardwip or modern Kumbharjuve island of the island of Goa or Tiswadi taluka. We have got two names of these Maurya rulers, Anirjitavarman and Chandravarman, who belonged to the sixth or seventh century A.D.[17]
    • Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: District Gazetteer by K.N. Srivastava, Page.72: The Bandora (Bandiwade) plates from Goa were issued by Maurya Maharaja Anirjitavarman from Kumardvipa i.e. modern Cumbarjua found in the Tiswadi Taluka. It is addressed to the inhabitants of twelve village-desh as well as the present and future officials. The record registers the king's grant of one hala of khajjana land as well as a piece of land, including a house-site, a garden and a tank belonging to an unnamed Rashtrakuta, to a brahmin Hastarya of Hariti gotra. He is described as ukta-niyoga and grihita sahasra. The expression seems to have been used to indicate his learning of Samaveda, which is supposed to have a thousand branches. In addition to this, some land to -be reclaimed by clearing the forest, aranga-karshana, and by employing four batches of workers preshya-kula was also granted. The gift was made for securing the final bliss and merit for the king as well as of Nugapadda, Malladatta and Achala. The gift was exempted from all taxes i.e. panga.The donee Hastyarya, was to enjoy the produce of the land by putting up a bund to prevent the salt water from entering the field on the seashore.The executor of the grant was the king himself. It is dated as the tenth day of the seventh fortnight) of Hema, i.e. Hemanta in the twenty-ninth year apparently of the king’s reign. This year 29 is expressed by the numerical symbols for 20 and 9. Except Chandravarman and Anirjitavarman, no other king of this Maurya dynasty ruling over south Konkan during the 6th, 7th century is known. We learn from Aihole inscription of Pulakesin-II dated in 634 A.D., that the king’s father Kirtivarman had expelled the Mauryas whe were ruling in the south Konkan by 578 A.D.[18]
    • Goa, a daughter's story by Maria Couto, Page.79: Plates of the Konkan Maurya king Anirjitavarman belonging to the sixth or seventh centuries have been found at Bandora.[19]
    • Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol-37, Issue no.-1-4, Page.241: Two copperplate grants discovered in the Goa territory on the westcoast reveal the existence of two kings named Chandravarman and Anirjitavarman who belonged to the Maurya dynasty. As both the grants are dated in the regnal years of the ruling kings, they cannot be equated with any known era. But. from the palaeographical point of view, they may be assigned to the 6th or 7th century A.D., the grant of Chandravarman being slightly earlier than that of Anirjitvarman. Both these rulers, who assume the epithet of Maharaja in their records, are not known from any other source, The charter of Chandravarman records the donation, by the king, of some lands to the Mabàvibára situated in Sivapura which is identified with the village bearing the same name near Chandor in Goa. The grant of Anirjitavarman, registers certain gifts, made by the king, to a Brahmana named Hastyarya. [t is issued from a a place called Kumara-dvipa which appears to be located somewhere in the Goa territory. These two records show that Chandravarman and Anirjtvarman were ruling somewhere in the Goa territory about the 6th-7th century A.D.[20] -- 54.37.9.163 (talk) 18:46, 4 April 2024 (IST)